Ischemic Heart Disease
P. Chopra, R. Ray, A. Saxena in Illustrated Textbook of Cardiovascular Pathology, 2013
karyolysis. The myofibers show degeneration and lysis and there is congestion of capillaries with margination by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which are also seen in the interstitium of the myocardium (Figs 6.10 to 6.14). The necrotic and inflammatory changes intensify progressively between 1-3 days at which time there is marked myonecrosis, loss of nuclei and an inflammatory cell infiltration predominated by polymorphs and abundant nuclear debris. At the end of first week, the ischemic area shows loss of myofibers and the inflammatory infiltrate is dominated by macrophages. Between 1 and 2 weeks of infarction, myofibers are cleared from the necrotic zone which now shows reparative tissue comprising proliferating capillaries, fibroblasts, hemosiderin pigment and macrophages many of which show hemosiderin within them. From 2 weeks till about 7-8 weeks there is progressive collagenization with scar formation (Figs 6.15 and 6.16).
Interpretation
David Woolley, Adam Woolley in Practical Toxicology, 2017
The nucleus goes through a well-defined series of changes in response to two types of cell death, which may be programmed (apoptosis) or due to direct toxic insult (necrosis). Necrosis is generally considered to be a random event that may affect single cells (single-cell necrosis, often seen in the liver) or groups of cells. Nuclear change may be seen as karyolysis or pyknosis. In the former, the nucleus fades to a ghost outline, which may be due to nucleic acid degradation in response to a drop in cell pH. In pyknosis, the nucleus shrinks and stains more densely, followed by fragmentation; this is also known as karyorrhexis. Necrosis may be the result of gross changes in calcium distribution in the cell, between the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria and the cytoplasm.
The Injured Cell
Jeremy R. Jass in Understanding Pathology, 2020
Histological examination of well-developed coagulative necrosis reveals the tissue structure in ghostly outline. The cell cytoplasm persists and is stained deeply with eosin. This is due partly to the rapid degradation of basophilic RNA and partly to an increased affinity for eosin. The nuclei disappear. Prior to their disappearance, the nuclei may be fragmented (karyorrhexis), shrunken and darkly staining (pyknosis) or may simply dissolve (karyolysis) (Fig. 6). Since necrosis is occurring in a living organism, there will be an inflammatory reaction culminating in the removal of the dead tissue by a process called organisation.
Ultrastructural analysis of nucleated erythrocyte in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Jing Liu, Shuxu Dong, Yongxin Ru
Mature erythrocytes displayed irregular shapes, different sizes and densities due to the rupture of cellular membranes and leakage of hemoglobin (Figure 2a). The intercellular bridge between erythrocytes was occasionally seen (Figure 2b). Erythrocytes were filled with several cytoplasmic vesicles, indicating lysis of cytoplasm (Figure 2c). Additional evidence of extensive cellular lysis included rupture of nuclear envelope, chromatic abnormal condensation and nuclear pyknosis among polychromatic and orthochromatic normoblasts (Figure 2d). Moreover, these damaged cells were characterized by irregular morphology, the absence of microvilli on the cell surface and expanded perinuclear cisternae (Figure 3a). Erythroblasts with dual-nuclei and cytoplasmic iron deposition showed the abnormality of pyknosis (Figure 3b). Karyolysis was also seen in some cells, with invisible cytoplasm lysis (Figure 3c). Prominent pyknosis and abnormal chromatic condensation were easily detectable (Figure 3d).
Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of conventional and whitening kinds of toothpaste on oral mucosa cells
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Antonija Tadin, Lidia Gavic, Ana Zeravica, Klara Ugrin, Nada Galic, Davor Zeljezic
The general model of regression has been applied in order to assess the extent of effect on the subjects’ demographic and anamnestic variables (age, gender, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, use of medication, X-ray exposure, and dietary habits) on the number of micronuclei, binuclear cells, number of nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges, karyolysis and karyorrhexis and condensation of the chromatin. Results of the analysis are presented in Figures 3 and 4. None of the tested factors were found to exhibit noteworthy influences on the occurrence of karyolysis, pyknosis and karyorrhexis. Recreational physical activity more than three times a week significantly affected micronucleus frequency (p = .041). Regular, everyday fruit consumption also significantly influenced the existence of cells with condensed chromatin (p = .001). Alcohol consumption meaningfully affected the incidence of nuclear buds (p = .005), while smoking showed a statistically substantial connection to the number of nucleoplasmic bridges (p = .027) and binuclear cells (p = .003).
Polysialic acid-functionalized liposomes for efficient honokiol delivery to inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xin Li, Shuang Guan, Henan Li, Dong Li, Dan Liu, Jing Wang, Wenquan Zhu, Guihua Xing, Liling Yue, Defu Cai, Qi Zhang
Moreover, fluorescence TUNEL labeling and H&E staining assays of tumor tissues were also performed to assess the antitumor efficacy of PSA-Lip-HNK. As shown in Figure 7(F), in comparison to saline treatment, a significant increase in TUNEL-positive signal (green) was observed in tumor sections treated with free HNK, Lip-HNK, and PSA-Lip-HNK. More importantly, the level of apoptosis after treatment by PSA-Lip-HNK was higher than the other two HNK groups, which was consistent with the results of tumor weight analysis. Furthermore, the result of the H&E staining assay was similar to that of the TUNEL. As shown in Figure 8, remarkable karyolysis and cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed in tumor sections treated with three HNK formulations. Of note, the area of necrosis after treatment by PSA-Lip-HNK was largest than the other treatment groups, confirming that PSA-Lip-HNK promoted tumor cells apoptosis and suppressed tumor growth.