Syphilis
Shiv Shanker Pareek in The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Reactive serology – positive results in serological tests including: – venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test.– rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test.– fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test.– immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody test.– immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody test.– enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test.
Immunomodulation of Cytokines and T Cells by Biologicals in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Thomas F. Kresina in Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Attention has focused on the hypothesis that the disease process, having localized to joints, is antigen-driven, and this immunological response is linked to the chronic inflammatory reaction. An immunological concept of disease pathogenesis is not new and dates from the discovery of immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factor (RF) in the blood of patients with RA over 50 years ago [5]. B cells in RA joints synthesize RF of all isotypes [6], and analysis of V genes shows point mutations consistent with an antigen-dependent response (reviewed in Ref. 7). Another auto-antibody produced by B cells in RA joints of IgG class is directed against cartilage-specific collagen II [8]. Claims have been made that the diagnostically specific IgG antibodies responsible for the detection of antiperinuclear factor in bucca/mucosa cells and antikeratin antibody staining of stratified rat epithelium by indirect immunofluoresent tests are both directed against the antigen profillaggrin [9,10]. However, the role of all RA-associated autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis is unclear, and the identity of antigens recognized by T cells in joints does not appear to correspond to that recognized by antibodies. The list of candidate T cell antigens has expanded; it includes collagen II [11], heat shock protein 65 [12], deoxyribonucleic acid j (DNAj) [13], and human chondrocyte gp39 [14]. For the present, the lack of consensus on the nature of the “RA antigen” imposes a constraint on the development of antigen-specific therapies.
Plasma Cell Neoplasms
Tariq I. Mughal in Precision Haematological Cancer Medicine, 2018
The term ‘smouldering multiple myeloma’ (SMM), also known as ‘smouldering’, indolent or asymptomatic myeloma, coined by the Mayo Myeloma Group (Minnesota), and is a precursor phase of active myeloma. At diagnosis, all patients are asymptomatic, and the term was introduced to help identify patients who have a higher risk of progressing to symptomatic MM, compared with MGUS. A principal challenge in the management of patients with SMM is the precise timing of treatment initiation. Genetic studies suggest an incremental genetic complexity as the disease evolves from a precursor state to symptomatic MM, but the precise molecular mechanisms leading to this progression remain an enigma. Mutations in BRCA2 and UNC5D have been observed in SMM, but not in symptomatic MM; methylation of the genes, GPX3, RBP1, SPARC and TGFB1, which play a role in immunomodulation of the bone marrow microenvironment, have also been noted. Clinically, SMM is arbitrarily distinguished from MGUS by the presence of >10%, and <60%, clonal bone marrow plasma cells, a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) level >30 g/L or both. The initial rate of SMM progressing to symptomatic MM is about 10% per annum in the first 5 years, then decreases to about 3% per annum for the next 5 years and thereafter approaches the transformation risks of MGUS, about 1% per annum.
Sample management for clinical biochemistry assays: Are serum and plasma interchangeable specimens?
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Gabriel Lima-Oliveira, Denis Monneret, Fabrice Guerber, Gian Cesare Guidi
Variability between serum and plasma from different brands of evacuated tubes. (a) TP – total protein; (b) TRANS – transferrin; (c) HPT – haptoglobin; (d) AAT – α1-antitrypsin; (e) C3 – complement C3; (f) IgG – immunoglobulin G; (g) IgM – immunoglobulin M; (h) IgA – immunoglobulin A; (i) HDL – high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; (j) PHOS – phosphate; (k) Ca – calcium; (l) K – potassium; (m) ALP – alkaline phosphatase; (n) AMYL – amylase; (o) ALT – alanine aminotransferase; (p) GGT – gamma-glutamyltransferase; (q) LD – lactate dehydrogenase; (r) CK – creatine kinase; (s) CRE – creatinine. Serum vs. plasma from different brands of evacuated tubes (x-axis) are plotted against bias values (y-axis). Solid line – bias. Dashed lines – acceptable criteria based on desirable specification for imprecision (DSI) derived from biologic variation for each analyte.
Antibody tests for COVID-19
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Jonathan Kopel, Hemant Goyal, Abhilash Perisetti
Antibody tests detect the presence of antibodies produced by B cells toward a specific pathogen.8 The activation and differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells are initiated through antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells, macrophages, helper T cells). The body produces two major types of antibodies, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), in response to an infection.8 The IgM antibodies are produced soon after infection, while the IgG antibodies are produced later to maintain the body’s immune system to the same infection.8,9 The third type of immunoglobulin, known as IgA, is found on mucous membranes and aids the innate immune response.9–11 Current clinical reports show that antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 viral particles develop between 6 and 10 days after infection, with peak IgM antibody levels at 12 days, and persist for 35 days. In contrast, the IgG antibodies peak around 17 days and persist for up to 49 days.9–11 Serological or antibody tests detect immunoglobulins produced in the presence of antigens from SARS-CoV-2.
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma in Hispanics: a case series and literature review
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
In Case 1, immunoglobulin A (IGA) was elevated to 586 mg/dL (81–463 mg/dL). Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) showed positive M spike 0.3 g/dL. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) showed elevated 24-hour total protein up to 788 mg. Serum and urine immunofixation confirmed presence of a faint monoclonal free lambda light chain. In Case 2, immunoglobulin M (IGM) was elevated to 331 mg/dL; while IGA and immunoglobulin G (IGG) were within the normal range. Serum immunofixation showed a faint monoclonal free lambda light chain. In Case 3, Immunoglobulins screening was not ordered. SPEP indicated acute phase reaction with decreased total protein to 4.7 g/dL (6.1–8.1 g/dL). UPEP, serum, and urine immunofixation were not ordered. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was negative for BCR-ABL1 fusion.
Related Knowledge Centers
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