Hematopoietic Stem Cells
W. E. Schiesser in Time Delay ODE/PDE Models, 2019
This chapter pertains to the spatiotemporal distribution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which are the starting point for the various cells in the bloodstream. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood, and can undergo programmed cell death, called apoptosis. This chapter presents a variant of a delayed partial differential equation model coded in R as a main program and a delayed partial differential equation/method of lines (MOL) routine in the MOL format.
Myths and Facts About Blood and Stem Cells
Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman, Sabena T Mughal in Understanding Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas, 2017
This chapter discusses some of the important immunological treatments, and the role of the immune response for the success of stem cell transplantation in many different forms of cancer. The progression from hematopoietic stem cell to the release of the mature red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelet into the bloodstream takes about 10 to 14 days. The common pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow has the capacity to replicate, proliferate, and differentiate to increasingly specialized progenitor cells, which, after many cell divisions within the marrow, form mature red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Stem cell transplant animal models, using genetically marked bone marrow, showed that the donor cells can migrate into areas of damaged muscle, differentiate into muscle-progenitor cells, and help in repair and regeneration of the damaged muscles. A common lymphoid stem cell undergoes differentiation and proliferation to give rise to two different types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology
Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont in Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Animal models have been helpful in better understanding the biology of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Spontaneous animal models of autoimmunity result from germ-line mutations; these include the lpr/lpr mouse as a model for arthritis and vasculitis, 1 the NOD (nonobese diabetic) mouse for diabetes, and the NZB/W mouse for systemic lupus erythematosus. 2 Although studies of murine susceptibility genes are likely to provide insights into the genetic mechanisms involved in the human predisposition to autoimmunity, these models differ significantly from most cases of human autoimmune disease. Spontaneous animal models with germ-line mutations virtually always develop autoimmunity, while only a fraction of individuals who harbor susceptibility genes develop autoimmunity; there are rare exceptions to this, such as patients with the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), who, like lpr/lpr mice, inherit loss-of-function mutations of the Fas gene (refer to Chapter 17 ). 3 , 4 Induced animal models of autoimmunity focus on the role of environmental factors in the development of autoimmunity. 2 These animal models more closely approximate most cases of human autoimmunity, and have the advantage over spontaneous models in that the onset and progression of the disease can be controlled (refer to Chapters 29 and 30 ).
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral blood
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2009
Hematopoietic stem cells can be mobilized out of the bone marrow into the blood for the reconstitution of hematopoiesis following high-dose therapy. Methods to improve mobilization efficiency and yields are rapidly emerging. Traditional methods include chemotherapy with or without myeloid growth factors. Plerixafor, a novel agent that disrupts the CXCR4–CXCL12 bond, the primary hematopoietic stem cell anchor in the bone marrow, has recently been US FDA-approved for mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Plerixafor and myeloid growth factors as single agents appear safe to use in family or volunteer hematopoietic stem cells donors. Plerixafor mobilizes leukemic stem cells and is not approved for use in patients with acute leukemia. Patients failing to mobilize adequate hematopoietic stem cells with myeloid growth factors can often be successfully mobilized with chemotherapy plus myeloid growth factors or with plerixafor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Plerixafor, a CXCR4 antagonist for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2008
Geoffrey L Uy, Michael P Rettig, Amanda F Cashen
Stem cells harvested from peripheral blood are the most commonly used graft source in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. While G-CSF is the most frequently used agent for stem cell mobilization, the use of G-CSF alone results in suboptimal stem cell yields in a significant proportion of patients undergoing autologous transplantation. Plerixafor (AMD3100, Genzyme Corporation) is a bicyclam molecule that antagonizes the binding of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to its cognate receptor CXCR4. Plerixafor results in the rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral circulation and is synergistic when combined with G-CSF. In clinical studies of autologous stem cell transplantation, the combination of plerixafor and G-CSF allows the collection of large numbers of stem cells in fewer apheresis sessions and can salvage those who fail G-CSF mobilization alone.
Assessment of health-related quality of life in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: progress, challenges and future directions
Published in Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 2013
Susan K Parsons, Hocine Tighiouart, Norma Terrin
This article provides an overview of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessments in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplants, focusing on the relationship between child and parent proxy ratings of the child’s HRQoL and how measurement of HRQoL may be incorporated into clinical decision-making. Parent and child ratings of the child’s health may be affected differently by unequal access to and incongruent understanding of available information, as well as the effect of age difference on interpretation. In particular, parents and children may experience the impact of clinical events on HRQoL very differently. The recent US Federal emphasis on ‘patient-centeredness’ has helped fuel the development and application of more clinically functional and low-burden HRQoL measures. Future work in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplants must seek to capture the experiences and perceptions of all those involved.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Endothelial Cells
- Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
- Erythroid Cells
- Stromal Cells
- Hematopoietic