Platelet-rich plasma and stem cells
Pierre Bouhanna, Eric Bouhanna in The Alopecias, 2015
Fetal stem cells located in the organs of the fetus are referred to as fetal stem cells. Adult stem cells can be found in children and adults and can be pluripotent and multipotent stem cells45,46: Pluripotent stem cells in humans are small in number and can be found in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and bone marrow.The typical adult stem cells, present in many tissues, are multipotent (lineage restricted), and they only can originate the same differentiated cell types from the tissue of origin. Many adult stem cells have been identifid: Hematopoietic stem cells, differentiate into all mature blood cells.Neural stem cells, differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and skeletal muscle cells.47
Stem Cells
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Although indefinite division is an essential stem cell property, the ability to produce differentiating cells is key to their function of tissue renewal and regeneration. Some stem cells are able to generate cells entering several different lineages; haematopoietic stem cells, for example, generate cells that differentiate into the diverse range of cell types (e.g. erythrocytes, inflammatory and immune cells) found in blood.3 Stem cells with the ability to generate many different types of cells are considered ‘multipotent’. Other stem cells, for example those of the epidermis, normally produce cells of only a single lineage and are considered ‘unipotent’. However, even cells that are normally unipotent may under some conditions, such as wound healing, be capable of generating cells of different lineages.
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bone is a metabolically active tissue composed of several cell types, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are involved in the creation and mineralization of bone tissue while osteocytes are mostly inactive, and are in contact with other cells in the bone through gap junctions. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breakdown of bone by the process of bone resorption. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are derived from osteoprogenitor cells. They are connective tissue cells found at the surface of bone, which can be stimulated to proliferate and differentiate. Osteoclasts are large, multinucleate cells formed through the fusion of precursor cells. They are derived from a monocyte stem-cell lineage and similar to macrophages have phagocytic properties. As discussed in Chapter 9, the bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.
In vitro expansion of CD 133+ cells derived from umbilical cord blood in poly-L -lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold coated with fibronectin and collagen
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Maryam Islami, Yousef Mortazavi, Masoud Soleimani, Samad Nadri
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are ancestors of most kinds of blood cells that have the opportunity both for self-renewal and differentiation. They are obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood (UCB) [1]. Recently, HSCs transplantation (HSCsT) from UCB has been considered for treating both malignant and non-malignant haematologic disorders. UCB was previously considered as a waste material, but today, it is regarded as a beneficial supply of blood stem cells and provides an alternative method to bone marrow transplantation. UCB transplantation has at the very least two benefits over bone marrow transplantation. The first benefit is the lower rate of rejection reactions, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in patients receiving UCB, as compared to bone marrow; second is its lesser requirement for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-antigen matching [2–4]. A significant disadvantage of UCB transplantation, however, is low quantity of cells in one single unit. The blood obtained from an individual umbilical cord does not contain as numerous HSCs as does the blood obtained from a bone marrow donation [5]. Thus, to overcome these problems and enhance the amount of cord blood stem cells, ex vivo expansion of these cells is the important strategy [6–8].
Expression profile analysis reveals hub genes that are associated with immune system dysregulation in primary myelofibrosis
Published in Hematology, 2021
Haotian Ma, Jincen Liu, Zilong Li, Huaye Xiong, Yulei Zhang, Yanping Song, Jianghua Lai
Blood cell development initiates from haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs can differentiate into a multi-lineage committed progenitor cells, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and common myeloid progenitors (CMPs). CMPs give rise to the myeloid lineage, including erythrocytes, some leukocytes and megakaryocytes that produce platelets; cells belonging to the lymphoid lineage (white blood cells, leukocytes, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes) are differentiated from CLPs. At each stage, multiple genes perform different functions within the differentiation procedure (Figure 6a). Haematopoiesis is orchestrated via a tightly regulated network. Haematopoiesis homeostasis is important, and the imbalance between cells, genes and the microenvironment could induce the relevant disruption to contribute to some haematological diseases, more specifically, myeloproliferative disorders [19,20].
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis: Long-term follow-up on a phase II trial and treatment-related fatal cardiomyopathy
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
Hiroyuki Nakamura, Toshio Odani, Shinsuke Yasuda, Atsushi Noguchi, Yuichiro Fujieda, Masaru Kato, Kenji Oku, Toshiyuki Bohgaki, Junichi Sugita, Tomoyuki Endo, Takanori Teshima, Tatsuya Atsumi
HSCT was performed as previously described [17], with minor modifications. Peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cells were mobilized with intravenous CY (a total of 4 g/m2, divided equally into two consecutive days), followed by administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF: 2.5–10 μg/kg/d). In the first five patients, haematopoietic stem cells were harvested by leukapheresis and enriched for CD34 + cells using immunomagnetic separation (CliniMACS® system, Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). In the following nine patients, harvested haematopoietic stem cells were not manipulated (CD34 + non-selection). Autologous stem cells (CD34 + cells >2 × 106/kg) were reinfused following the conditioning with intravenous CY (a total of 200 mg/kg, divided equal amounts into four consecutive days). G-CSF (5µg/kg) was administered from the fifth day of transplantation.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blood Cell
- Haematopoiesis
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mesoderm
- Myelopoiesis
- Embryo
- Dendritic Cell
- Bone Marrow
- Stem Cell
- Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros