Understanding the Interaction of Nanoparticles at the Cellular Interface
D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija in Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
The Golgi apparatus is a vital organelle as it plays a crucial role in protein processing. The organelle functions as an integral unit in a cell because of its shape. Any anomaly in the condition of the Golgi apparatus is known to cause abnormalities in the cell. Once inside the cell, NPs interact with various cell organelles, one of which is the Golgi apparatus. Ma et al. have conducted a study to identify the effects of gold NPs on the Golgi apparatus [54]. Interestingly, gold NPs (50 nm) in normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK Line) have disrupted the calcium level inside the cell leading to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The calcium ion concentration in cell organelles plays a crucial role in maintaining organelle function and structure. Similarly, the Golgi apparatus’s configuration changed from the familiar ribbon-like design into mini stacks, which were not linked or aligned. To study the Golgi apparatus’s functioning, mannosidase II and Galactosyltransferase were selected, and cells treated with gold NPs showed a significant decrease in their production. Cluster analysis of genes expressed in control and section treated with gold NPs showed substantial expression patterns. There is a change in the regulation of integrin-mediated cellular adhesion, which plays a crucial role in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.
Functional Heterogeneity of the Intrahepatic Biliary Epithelium
Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso in The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
Transmission electron microscopic analysis of rat liver sections and isolated rat intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDU) reveal that large bile ducts are lined by 8–15 cholangiocytes whereas small ducts are lined by 4–5 cells.9,12 Both small and large cholangiocytes have multilobulated nucleus, numerous vesicles at the subapical region, tight junctions, high density of microvilli, lysosomes and a few mitochondria.9,12 Large cholangiocytes have a columnar shape whereas small cholangiocytes have a “roughly cubic” shape.12 The Golgi apparatus is abundant and it is located between the apical pole and the nucleus.12 Large cholangiocytes have a small nucleus and conspicuous cytoplasm, whereas small cholangiocytes possess a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio.12 The different nucleus/cytoplasm ratio seen between small and large cholangiocytes12 may be an important explanation for the functional heterogeneity of small and large cholangiocytes. We suggest that the presence of a larger nucleus (where messenger RNA synthesis occurs) and smaller cytoplasm in small cholangiocytes suggests that small cholangiocytes may be primordial “stem” cells, whereas large cholangiocytes (with a larger cytoplasm area, where RNA translation occurs) represent more sophisticated, differentiated cells; thus able to synthesize membrane receptors and transporters and react responsively to agonists (e.g., secretin, somatostatin and endothelin-1).2,8–11,13
Cellular Responses to Ischaemic CNS Injury
Martin Berry, Ann Logan in CNS Injuries: Cellular Responses and Pharmacological Strategies, 2019
Activation of calpains in ischaemic neurons necessitates uncontrolled influx of calcium through altered membrane function and/or damage. Oxygen free radicals primarily damage lipids in susceptible neurons during recirculation.71 The Golgi apparatus is a central component of the system that maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane. Both reversible and irreversible alterations in the morphology of the neuronal Golgi have been noted in a number of studies following ischaemia,54–56 with reappearance of Golgi cisternae in the former and progressive dilation in the latter in selectively vulnerable CA1 hippocampal neurons but not in cortical neurons. Recent evidence has indicated that structural alteration in the Golgi apparatus, in fact, is more marked than disruption of RER.56 It has been suggested first that alterations in the structure of the Golgi apparatus may be a more important marker of lethal injury than release of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum, and second that this disruption may be correlated with lipid peroxidation.56 This lipid peroxidation has been suggested to reflect attempts by ischaemic neurons to recycle and repair damaged plasma membrane. It is an attractive hypothesis that a damaged membrane allows influx of toxic levels of ions and molecules. Possibly, the early response by the Golgi apparatus is an attempt by injured neurons to repair membrane structure to overcome such damage. Recent cytochemical evidence has suggested such a response in axons after stretch injury.72
Assessment of combining biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis and gamma irradiation for controlling Pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Ahlam Gabarty, Afaf Abas, Hedaya M. Salem, Sawsan M. El-Sonbaty, Doaa S. Farghaly, Heba A. Awad
TEM micrograph showed that the midgut epithelium of the normal 4th instar larvae consists of basal lamina (Bl), regenerative cell (Rc), mature cells (Mc) and borders facing the lumen that contain abundant microvilli (Mv) and numerous folds, which increase the surface area for absorption and secretion (Figure 7(A)). The midgut epithelium of the normal larvae consists of a single layer of cells. Its boundary toward the hemocoel makes up the basal lamina which in turn is surrounded by muscles and tracheal cells. The epithelial cells are dissimilar in appearance and contain the stem cells (Sc) (Figure 7(B)). The nucleus is centered in the cell, the nuclei assume a somewhat more basal location and are slightly ovoid and the endoplasmic reticulum is more obvious, especially in the vicinity of the nucleus. Also, there is a large number of golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria are observed in the cells’ cytoplasm. An obvious junction between the cells, known as macula adherence is observed. Moreover, symbiotic bacteria in the cytoplasm were distinguished in the electron micrograph. These bacteria are grouped and localized in the lateral side of the cells (Figure 7(B,C)). The mature cell consists of two main types present in the midgut of all insects, i.e., columnar and endocrine cells (Figure 7(D)).
COL1A1, CCDC170, and ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with distal radius fracture in postmenopausal Mexican women
Published in Climacteric, 2020
E. Farias-Cisneros, A. Hidalgo-Bravo, A. Miranda-Duarte, L. Casas-Ávila, T. D. Rozental, R. Velázquez-Cruz, M. Valdés-Flores
Type 1 collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and is the main structural component of bone, teeth, and tendon21. The molecular structure of the protein comprises two alpha chains, encoded by the COL1A1 gene, and one beta chain, encoded by the COL1A2 gene8. The product of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Estrogens and estrogen receptors have an important role in bone homeostasis22. A population-based study found the rs4870044 SNP located at the CCDC170/C6ORF97/ESR1 locus (6q25.1) to be associated with forearm and total hip BMD23. The function of the product of the coiled-coil domain containing 170 gene (CCDC170) is not yet fully understood. Experimental evidence suggests that it participates in organization of the Golgi apparatus24,25. Several genome-wide association studies have implicated the region around this gene to be involved in breast cancer and BMD, including one study in Mexican mestizo women26,27.
In vitro effects of combustion generated carbon dots on cellular parameters in healthy and cancerous breast cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Nikita Dinger, Valeria Panzetta, Carmela Russo, Paolo Antonio Netti, Mariano Sirignano
Similar to our studies, lysosomes entrapments of various CDs have been observed (Guo et al. 2020; H. Liu et al. 2021; Q. Liu et al. 2020; Tong et al. 2020). CDs tend to accumulate in subcellular organelles with lysosomes being one possible site and because of this they have been widely used as fluorescent probes for imaging intracellular organelles (Gao et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2020; Y. Zhang et al. 2015). Similarly, CdSe/ZnS quantum dot exposures have shown to affect other subcellular functions like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus(Y.-Y. Liu et al. 2021). The ER is responsible for protein synthesis, folding, modification, transport, and degradation while the Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and packaging of secreted materials. Carbon nanodots have also been repurposed for such targeted signaling to be used in nanomedicine thereby allowing it to affect cell signaling to a great extent. In particular, this effect has been seen in cancer cells for varying concentrations of CDs (Y. Liu et al. 2021; Figures 6 and 7).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cytoplasm
- Endomembrane System
- Eukaryote
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- Vesicle
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- Cell
- Protein Targeting
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