Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell in Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
All triglycerides have the same chemical structure of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule through ester bonds (Figure 14.1). Most fatty acids in nature exist as triglycerides, although free fatty acids are formed during normal metabolism. Triglyceride molecules found in nature may contain the same fatty acid species at all three positions, or they may contain different fatty acids. The unique physical and chemical properties of tri-glycerides are thus defined by the characteristics of the fatty acids. Table 14.1 shows some common fatty acids found in nature and are categorized as having short, medium or long hydrocarbon chains. The division between lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acid is somewhat arbitrary; some literature sources list lauric acid as a LCFA or myristic acid as a MCFA, while other sources refer to lauric and myristic acid as neither MCFA nor LCFA, but rather “in between.” Nevertheless, the classification of fatty acids according to chain length is useful because the groupings reflect certain metabolic attributes unique to each group. Note that increased chain length is generally associated with increased melting point and decreased solubility in water.1,2 Also note that the presence of double bonds in the LCFA is associated with
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Mansoor M. Amiji in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
The choice of lipids is critical for SLN to achieve the desired drug loading capacity, stability, and sustained release behavior. Different lipid phases lead to different apparent partition coefficients and different loading capacities for the same drug. Polymorphism of lipids also affects the properties of a SLN system. In addition, hydrophobicity of lipids varies with the balance of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups on the lipid molecules. For instance, a fatty acid becomes more hydrophobic with the increase in the length of its hydrocarbon chain. A fatty ester is more hydrophobic than the fatty acid of the same chain length because the hydrophilic carboxyl group of the fatty acid is replaced by the more hydrophobic ester group. Triglycerides are more hydrophobic than mono- and di-glycerides because all three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups are substituted by fatty ester. The lipid composition essentially determines the overall hydrophobicity of SLN.
Nanocarrier Technologies for Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Api
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Triglycerides include long, medium and short chain triglycerides. Long chain triglycerides (fixed oil) are able to enhance the lymphatic transport of the drugs and bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism as compared to medium chain tri, di and monoglycerides. Medium chain mono and diglycerides possess greater solubilization and absorption potential as compared to long chain triglycerides. Also, the medium chain glycerides are less prone to oxidation and have a high solvent capacity and promote emulsi-fication as compared to long chain triglycerides. Thus, the mixture of long chain and medium chain triglycerides (mixed glycerides) can be used to balance the drug loading and emulsification abilities. Mixed glycerides can be obtained from the partial hydrolysis of the vegetable oils. Polar oils (e.g., span 85) also enhances the solvent capacity and promotes emulsification.
Development of self-microemulsifying lipid-based formulations of trans-resveratrol by systematically constructing lipid-surfactant-water phase diagrams using long-chain lipids
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Carolina Aloisio, Ankita V. Shah, Marcela Longhi, Abu T. M. Serajuddin
For the development of cosolvent-free SMEDDS containing cod liver oil as the LC lipid, we have adopted the approach previously reported from our laboratory for MC lipids, where mixtures of triglyceride and monoglyceride were used as lipids in combination with surfactants to enable self-emulsification and the formation of microemulsion in contact with aqueous media [28–30]. In the present investigation, glycerol monooleate was used as the monoglyceride component of the formulation, and it was considered to be a lipid along with the triglyceride (cod liver oil) as it is also a glyceride of LC fatty acid that is insoluble in water. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Kolliphor RH 40), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) or their mixtures were used as surfactants; the combination of surfactants was tried as it was previously reported that the mixtures of surfactants may have better performance in the formation of microemulsions than the surfactants alone [31]. Phase diagrams were systematically developed to identify suitable self-emulsifying compositions that would lead to the formation of microemulsion, and the final SMEDDS formulations were selected based on drug solubility in the preconcentrate (i.e. before the dilution with aqueous media). Dispersion test and globule size determination were performed to ensure that microemulsions were formed.
Fabrication of solid lipid nanoparticles of lurasidone HCl for oral delivery: optimization, in vitro characterization, cell line studies and in vivo efficacy in schizophrenia
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Mitali H. Patel, Veenu P. Mundada, Krutika K. Sawant
The particle size of LH-SLNs was 139.8 ± 5.5 nm with a PDI of 0.118 ± 0.020. It is reported that particle size below 200 nm promotes lymphatic uptake of SLNs [35]. Also, particle size in nanometric range provides large surface area for absorption and thus, can ameliorate its oral performance. The zeta potential of optimized LH-SLNs was found to be −30.8 ± 3.5 mV. It is reported that negatively charged carriers show higher lymphatic uptake than neutral or positively charged surfaces [28]. The net negative surface charge of LH-SLNs was attributed to anionic nature of the surfactant, sodium deoxycholate used in formulation development which provides strong electrostatic properties [40]. The EE of LH-SLNs was found to be 79.10 ± 2.50%. This can be attributed to high solubility of LH in GMS which provided sufficient space to entrap drug. Also, long chain fatty acids attached to the glyceride provided increased interaction with the lipophilic drug [41].
Discovery of triterpenoids as potent dual inhibitors of pancreatic lipase and human carboxylesterase 1
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Jing Zhang, Qiu-Sha Pan, Xing-Kai Qian, Xiang-Lu Zhou, Ya-Jie Wang, Rong-Jing He, Le-Tian Wang, Yan-Ran Li, Hong Huo, Cheng-Gong Sun, Lei Sun, Li-Wei Zou, Ling Yang
As the key enzyme of triglyceride hydrolysis in the intestine, pancreatic lipase (PL) catalyses the hydrolysis of the ester bond of triacylglycerols to monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, and contributes to 50–70% hydrolysis of total dietary fats27,28. Inhibition of PL activity could restrain the hydrolysis of dietary glycerides in food, so as to reduce the subsequent absorption of free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. Therefore, PL has become a promising target for the adjuvant treatment of obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia29,30. In addition, inhibiting the activity of hCES1A could display multiple beneficial effects in both lipid and glucose homeostasis in genetic and diet-induced mouse models of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes18. Thus, the discovery of potent dual-target inhibitors based on hCES1A and PL hold great potential for the development of remedies for treating related metabolic diseases such as hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity. However, the development of dual target inhibitors of hCES1A and PL is still in the blank stage.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diglyceride
- Ester
- Fatty Acid
- Functional Group
- Glycerol
- Monoglyceride
- Vegetable Oil
- Hydroxy Group
- Triglyceride
- Animal Fat