PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Various proteins belong to this group of globulins: α2-Macroglobulin. This is a protease inhibitor in plasma and is the major protein in the α2-globulin fraction (∼80%). It has inhibitory functions on plasma trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin. The primary function of α2-macroglobulin may be to inhibit proteases produced by infectious organisms.Prothrombin. Prothrombin is a clotting factor synthesized by the liver. About 60% of the extracellular pool of prothrombin is in the plasma and 40% in the extravascular space. It has a rapid turnover.Haptoglobin. This is a heterogeneous group of globulins that bind free Hb and transport it to the liver.Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that carries copper and is produced in the liver. It also functions as an oxidase enzyme and oxidizes ferrous to ferric ions before the binding of iron to transferrin. As an acute-phase protein, it may modulate inflammation by its free-radical scavenging properties.
Physiology of blood
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Various proteins belong to this group of globulins are as follows: α 2-Macroglobulin is a protease inhibitor in plasma, and is the major protein in the α2-globulin fraction (∼80%). It has inhibitory functions on plasma trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin. The primary function of α2-macroglobulin may be to inhibit proteases produced by infectious organisms.Prothrombin is a clotting factor synthesized by the liver. About 60% of the extracellular pool of prothrombin is in the plasma and 40% in the extravascular space. It has a rapid turnover.Haptoglobin is a heterogeneous group of globulins that bind free Hb and transport it to the liver.Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that carries copper, and is produced in the liver. It also functions as an oxidase enzyme and oxidizes ferrous to ferric ions before the binding of iron to transferrin. As an acute-phase protein, it may modulate inflammation by its free radical scavenging properties.
Principles of Clinical Pathology
Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard in Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Serum total protein concentration is approximately 0.3 to 0.5 g/dL lower than plasma total protein concentration because it does not include fibrinogen and other clotting factors consumed during clot formation. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, a labile storage reservoir of amino acids, and a transport protein for plasma constituents that lack specific transporter proteins, including many drugs that bind to it. Globulins are a heterogeneous population of proteins that include clotting factors, transport proteins (e.g., transferrin for iron and haptoglobin for hemoglobin), mediators of inflammation (e.g., complement), acute phase proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins. Globulins are loosely categorized by their electrophoretic migration pattern as α, β, and γ globulins; several different proteins are present in each region of the electrophoretic pattern (Kaneko 1997). Albumin and most globulin proteins are synthesized by the liver. Lymphocytes and plasma cells synthesize immunoglobulins. Serum total protein and albumin concentrations are measured directly; serum globulin concentration is simply the calculated difference between total protein and albumin.
Cumulative effects of manganese nanoparticle and radiofrequency radiation in male Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Sonali Pardhiya, Usha Singh Gaharwar, Rohit Gautam, Eepsita Priyadarshini, Jay Prakash Nirala, Paulraj Rajamani
Previous studies have shown that nanoparticles may change or damage cellular processes by passing through cellular membranes to interact with biomolecules leading to DNA and protein damage (Adeyemi and Adewumi 2014). Albumin and globulin are two important proteins in the blood. Albumin and some of the globulin are synthesized in the liver. A decrease in total protein and albumin levels in the serum of MNP and MNP + RFR exposed rats as compared to control indicate toward lower production of albumin in the liver (Lala and Minter 2020). There was a significant decrease in globulin protein in RFR exposed rats as compared to control. Usikalu et al. (2016) found a decrease in globulin levels in mobile phone exposed rats which may lead to liver disease. Lower albumin–globulin ratio in MNP and MNP + RFR may be due to less synthesis of albumin protein (Kumar et al. 2017). The RFR group showed an increased (Albumin to globulin) A/G levels which may be due to decreased level of globulin in the rats. However, the combined exposure to MNP and RFR did not show an additive toxic effect on liver function parameters but was very similar to the toxic response toward MNP.
Prognostic Value of the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Longfang Quan, Xiaohan Jiang, Xiaoqiang Jia, Fang Cheng
The AGR can be applied as an inflammatory indicator to evaluate the systemic inflammatory status of the host (27). A low AGR can be caused by low serum albumin levels and/or high serum globulin levels. The mechanisms of the association between the AGR and poor survival outcomes in CRC have not been fully elucidated but can be explained in the following aspects. On the one hand, albumin is generally regarded as a biological parameter reflecting the nutritional status. Hypoalbuminemia is usually considered to reflect malnutrition. Hypoalbuminemia is a common clinical characteristic of patients with cancer, especially in those with advanced stages (28). Lower serum albumin levels are associated with poor survival in patients with cancer (28). On the other hand, serum globulin is another protein produced by immune organs and consists of various proinflammatory proteins (29). Serum globulins are involved in chronic inflammatory responses and promote tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and distant metastasis (30). Therefore, a decrease in albumin levels and an increase in serum globulin levels could lead to a lower AGR, which is indicative of tumor progression and poor prognosis.
Blood group O is associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome in outpatients with a low comorbidity index
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Sara Díaz-Salazar, Raquel Navas, Laura Sainz-Maza, Patricia Fierro, Meryam Maamar, Arancha Artime, Héctor Basterrechea, Benedetta Petitta, Stefanie Pini, José Manuel Olmos, Carmen Ramos, Emilio Pariente, José Luis Hernández
Albumin and globulin are the main components of serum proteins. A low serum albumin reflects a poor nutritional status, liver, and kidney dysfunction, and has been shown to be an independent predictor of poor survival in critically ill patients [39]. The globulin contains immunity-related proteins such as complement, interleukins and immunoglobulins. An increased level of globulin has been proved to be related to chronic inflammation and to various types of haematologic cancers, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and light chain disease [40]. Therefore, the AGR, taking albumin and globulin into account, has been considered a promising biomarker for inflammation [41,42]. Inflammation may lead to decreased albumin and increased globulins, and consequently, a lower AGR. In acute COVID-19, low AGR has proven usefulness as a prognostic factor for severity and mortality, and also as an initial risk index of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals [39].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Albumin
- Alpha Globulin
- Antibody
- Beta Globulin
- Fibrinogen
- Gamma Globulin
- Globular Protein
- Oncotic Pressure
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis
- Blood Protein