Neurogenic tumors
Eckart Haneke in Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
There are many different tumors of the peripheral nerves that can be found in and around the nail organ. The diagnosis is sometimes difficult and based on morphologic similarity with structures of the peripheral nerves, on the development of their neurocristic precursors, and reactions of nerves to injury and regeneration.1 Various cells like neurosustentacular, some mesenchymal cells, and melanocytes are of neuroectodermal origin and share a common progenitor. Thus, they have a number of cell markers in common but they can also, in part, be differentiated with other immunohistochemical markers. Protein S100 is expressed by Schwann cells, glial cells, melanocytes, secretory cells of eccrine sweat glands, fat cells, and chondrocytes. Neurofilaments can only be demonstrated in axons, which are also demonstrable by silver impregnation. Neuron-specific enolase is produced by Schwann cells, neurons, and axons. Myelin is demonstrated with antibodies to myelin basic protein, CD57 (Leu 7), and Luxol fast blue stain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a constituent of glial cells, but it is also positive in some Schwann cells of large soft tissue schwannomas and in some salivary gland tumor cells.1 Perineurial cells as well as sebaceous cells are positive for epithelial membrane antigen.
Viscerosensory Processing in Nucleus Tractus Solitarii: Structural and Neurochemical Substrates
I. Robin A. Barraco in Nucleus of the Solitary Tract, 2019
Nucleus subpostrema — Adrenergic processes in nucleus subpostrema straddled the border between the area postrema and NTS and provided evidence of an intimate structural relationship with the circumventricular organ. TH- or PNMT-lir processes and radial glia formed a continuous sheet intercalated between the area postrema and solitary complex that extended ventrally to surround the central canal. Glial cells were identified on tissues immunoreacted with an antiserum directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the predominant intermediate filament protein in types 1 and 2 (process-bearing) astrocytes.16 Adrenergic and other chemically identified axons and dendrites extend into the AP17 and between ependyma toward the ventricular space and contribute to a previously documented subependymal plexus.11,12 Adrenergic processes may contribute to specialized axoglial contacts demonstrated by electron microscopy in the area postrema.18 Radial glia in the nucleus subpostrema and periventricular gray were also identified with an antiserum raised against imidazoline-receptor binding protein (IRBP).19
An Immunohistological Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Brain Tumors
John T. Kemshead in Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
All these tumors express the ubiquitous UJ13A antigen which signifies neuroectodermal origin. The antibodies recognizing neuroblast cell antigen stained the majority of tumors, with M148, M340, and UJ181.4 giving the most consistent results. Neuronal differentiation which included the production of neurofilament of intermediate molecular weight was seen in six of ten tumors and high molecular weight neurofilament in three of ten tumors Figure 3. All tumors expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein in varying degrees. Therefore, in virtually all examples studied, these tumors showed simultaneous neuronal and glial differentiation by membrane antigen and intermediate filament expression. Although the numbers in this series are too small to permit conclusions regarding the relationship between the presence of cell membrane neuroblastic markers and the expression of cytoplasmic neurofilament, we found that the presence of neurofilament was usually associated with the expression of a complete set of neuroblastic surface antigens, indicating that full expression of these membrane determinants may be associated with a higher degree of neural differentiation.
Leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale ameliorates biomarkers of neuroinflammation, memory loss, and neurobehavioral deficit in N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi, Adedeji Kolawole Adebayo, Olamide Elizabeth Adebiyi, Kabirat Oluwaseun Adigun, Oluwabusayo Racheal Folarin, Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan, Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade, Blessing Seun Ogunpolu, Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi, Iyanuoluwa Omolola Ogunmiluyi, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies, James Olukayode Olopade, Adebowale Benard Saba, Adeolu Alex Adedapo, Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng, Lyndy Joy McGaw, Momoh Audu Yakubu, Evaristus Nwulia, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
Finally, immunohistochemistry of brain samples showed an increased expressions of GFAP and Iba-1 in the untreated L-NAME administered rats. Conversely, decreased expressions of both GFAP and Iba-1 were observed in the rats treated with the extract. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament-III protein that is found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and enteric glial cells (Savareh et al.2022, Yang et al. 2015). GFAP activation has been reported to play a critical role in astroglia cell activation (astrogliosis) following CNS injuries and neurodegeneration (Zarinfard et al.2022, Dong et al.2022). Astrocytes have a plethora of control and homeostatic functions in health and disease, and are known to assume a reactive phenotype in acute CNS trauma, ischaemia, and in neurodegenerative diseases (Arshiany et al.2022, Middeldorp and Hol 2011, Hol and Pekny 2015, Sofroniew 2014). Interestingly, Serum GFAP is now an emerging biomarker for intracerebral diseases and has been approved for clinical use in traumatic brain injury (Chen et al.2023, Christensen et al.2022). Also from our data, we obtained an increase in Iba-1 expression which indicates an on-going degenerative processes following L-NAME administration.
Anti-Cognitive Decline by Yinxing-Mihuan-Oral-Liquid via Activating CREB/BDNF Signaling and Inhibiting Neuroinflammatory Process
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2021
Zhenting Huang, Chengqun Wan, Yangyang Wang, Peifeng Qiao, Qian Zou, Jingxi Ma, Zhou Liu, Zhiyou Cai
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament protein expressed by cells associated with the central nervous system such as glial cells and ependymal cells (Jeffrey, D’Cunha, & Suzuki, 2018; Sereika, Urbanaviciute, Tamasauskas, Skiriute, & Vaitkiene, 2018). GFAP is a hallmark of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis, responding to injury, ischemia, or neurodegenerative diseases (Gyengesi et al., 2019; Wilhelmsson et al., 2019). Activated astrocytes produce interleukin 6 (IL-6) to induce neuro-inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders with learning and memory deficits (Millington et al., 2014). As shown in Figure 3c, Western blot analysis showed a pronounced decrease in the levels of GFAP and IL-6 in the GMOL group compared to those in the control group (P < .05, P < .05, respectively, Figure 3d). Figure 3b shows that the expression of protein was markedly reduced in the GMOL-treatment rats (P < .01, Figure 3e). Our data show that GMOL significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in the brain of the aged-rats, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory effect and achieving brain protection.
Neuropathology Evaluation of in Utero Correction of Myelomeningocele and Complications of Late-Onset GBS Infection
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Sarah Edminster, Tai-Wei Wu, Alexander Van Speybroeck, Jason Chu, Denise A. Lapa, Ramen H. Chmait, Linda J. Szymanski
The dural patch demonstrated an ingrowth of cells from the dermis into the patch (Fig. 3b). A Luxol fast blue stain showed diffuse loss of myelin staining of neural elements, especially at the fasciculus proprius anterior (Fig. 3b). A glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) stain demonstrated a glial response to the patch. H&E and CD34 stains emphasized blood vessel ingrowth from the host tissue into the dural patch (Fig. 3c,d). CD68 stain highlighted infrequent foreign body giant cells around the dural patch. A trichrome stain highlighted increased dermal collagen deposition with an ingrowth of dermal cells into the patch, leptomeningeal fibrosis, and subcutaneous scar tissue formation (Fig. 4a). The trichrome stain also emphasized neural elements that were incorporated into the dural patch, adhering the patch to the surrounding neural tissue (Fig. 4b). Similar findings have been reported in a fetal sheep model of experimentally induced MMC followed by corrective surgery using human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) patch compared to a biosynthetic cellulose (BC) (Fig. 4c,d) [4].