Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
As illustrated in Figure 8.3, GI dysfunction is the most common non-motor symptom of PD [14]. Patients often have early satiety and nausea symptoms resulting from delayed gastric emptying, bloating from poor small bowel coordination, as well as constipation and defecation dysfunctions because of impaired colonic transit. Dopaminergic-related disturbances in gut motility have also been observed in transgenic mice lacking D2R [15]. These mice are smaller in size than wild-type littermates in spite of eating significantly more. They have greater defecation frequency, larger water content and mass of their stool, and significant decreases in total GI and colonic transit times. The higher motility in the absence of D2R indicated a physiologically relevant inhibitory effect of DA on gut motility.
Gastrointestinal Disease
Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia in Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Gastroparesis is a motility disorder of the stomach characterized by delayed gastric emptying of nutrients into the duodenum. In children, it most often is idiopathic or postviral. It can be a late complication of diabetes mellitus. Patients with gastroparesis self-limit food intake due to early satiety, fullness, nausea, and vomiting. Diet modification is the cornerstone of therapy. Patients should eat a low-fiber and low-fat diet. They should eat small, frequent meals by dividing feedings into five or six smaller meals per day. Since emptying of liquids is better than that of solids, nutrients in liquid form can be trialed. Older children should be encouraged to thoroughly chew foods and as the day progresses with increasing stomach fullness, may need liquid nutrition. In addition, the child should sit up for 1–2 hours after a meal. If no solids are tolerated, a pureed/liquid diet should be tried. In patients with diabetes, good control of the condition is important (Chapter 24). Finally, some children who fail all the above measures may need post-pyloric feeding.
Clinical Theory and Skills EMIs
Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju in Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Delayed gastric emptying.Does not gauge the size of other people correctly.Gauges her own size correctly.Gauges the size of inanimate objects correctly.Hypervitaminosis.Normal vitamin levels.Rapid gastric emptying.To make herself more attractive to others.To satisfy herself.Vitamin deficiencies.
Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Adeola Temitope Salami, Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi, Moyosore Victoria Alabi, Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
The small intestine, is a part of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for nutritional absorption (from food), immunologic and endocrine functions (Denbow 2015, Mark and Bouwmeester 2017) besides motility. Motility within the small intestine enhances mixing, transit of secretions and digested contents from the stomach, and removal or ridding of ingested harmful or toxic substances not absorbed. Hunt et al. (1985) demonstrated that gastric emptying is hinged on the volume, composition, osmolality and caloric density of food ingested which is coordinated by the pyloric sphincter and duodenum activities. Mechanosensors (Alcaino et al. 2017) found along the small intestine aid these activities; examples of these include epithelial cells such as myenteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle, enterochromaffin cells, glia, etc. The digestive system is propelled by the enteric nervous system (ENS) while gut hormones also regulate functioning of the intestine such as motility, secretion, cell proliferation, digestion and absorption (Ma and Lee 2020). Gastric emptying is regulated by its’ inhibitory and excitatory hormones which are also released from both the intestine and pancreas thus mediating or relating food intake, satiety, energy metabolism to gastric emptying (Goyal et al. 2019).
Guidelines and new directions in the therapy and monitoring of ATTRv amyloidosis
Published in Amyloid, 2022
Yukio Ando, David Adams, Merrill D. Benson, John L. Berk, Violaine Planté-Bordeneuve, Teresa Coelho, Isabel Conceição, Bo-Göran Ericzon, Laura Obici, Claudio Rapezzi, Yoshiki Sekijima, Mitsuharu Ueda, Giovanni Palladini, Giampaolo Merlini
Impaired gastric emptying symptoms (early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, nausea, vomiting and weight loss) can be improved with dietary changes including small-volume meals with low soluble fibre and fat content. Additionally pharmacological approach with prokinetics can be used with erythromycin (50–250 mg a day, tdi) or Domperidone (10 mg bdi) if available. On acute attacks of recurrent vomiting short courses of metoclopramide (IV or IM) with prompt electrolyte and fluid supplementation can be useful [14]. Patients with obstinate constipation may benefit from osmotic laxatives and polyethylene glycol. Newer agents such as linaclotide, lubiprostone and prucalopride can be used when laxatives have failed. Diarrhoea, continuous or alternating with constipation can be treated with monthly cycles of rifaximin on days 1–7 followed by probiotics. Additionally, antidiarrhoeal opioids, i.e. loperamide, on demand can be used. Octreotide or opium tincture can be administered to patients with chronic diarrhoea refractory to loperamide. If the treatment of diarrhoea fails, the remaining option is a stoma.
Drugs under development for the treatment of functional dyspepsia and related disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2019
Jan Tack, Imke Masuy, Karen Van Den Houte, Lucas Wauters, Jolien Schol, Tim Vanuytsel, Alain Vandenberghe, Florencia Carbone
A major point of controversy in the literature is the relationship of FD, and especially PDS, to (idiopathic) gastroparesis. Gastroparesis is defined as the presence of epigastric symptoms in association with severely delayed gastric emptying without underlying organic obstructive cause [9]. The symptom pattern of gastroparesis overlaps strongly with that of PDS, and both require a negative endoscopy and can be associated with delayed gastric emptying. However, nausea and vomiting are considered the cardinal symptoms of gastroparesis, which helps to differentiate it from FD [9,10] (Figure 1). Nevertheless, both entities share common therapeutic approaches, and drugs under development for gastroparesis may benefit FD and vice versa. In addition, major overlap also exists with nausea and vomiting disorders as defined by the Rome consensus [10]. Anti-nauseants have also been used for the treatment of FD, especially PDS. (Figure 1) summarizes the concept of overlapping functional gastroduodenal and motility disorders.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Action Potential
- Gap Junction
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Interstitial Cell of Cajal
- Muscular Layer
- Smooth Muscle
- Neurotransmitter
- Body
- Motility
- Interstitial Cell of Cajal
- Slow-Wave Potential