Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Fucoidans and fucans are polysaccharides, mainly constituted of sulfated L-fucose (27–28). Fucoidans are a type of homo-polysaccharide, mainly constituted of linked L-fucose with sulfate ester groups, while fucans are complex hetero-polysaccharides containing a majority of sulfated L-fucose, and a minority of other monosaccharides like sugar. Fucoidans are mainly found in the cell wall of brown algae, while fucans occur in echinoderms such as in the egg jelly coat of sea urchins and in the body wall of sea cucumber (27). Main pharmacological properties of fucoidans and fucans include: immune modulator, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antithrombotic, anti-parasites (plasmodium, toxoplasma), anti-viral (influenza, cytomegalovirus, herpes), anti-cancer, liver and kidney protector (27–28). There is growing support for the role of fucoidan as an adjunct dietary therapy in cancer and inflammatory diseases (28). The detail roles of fucoidan are described in Chapter 5 of this book.
Metabolomics and human breast milkA unique and inimitable food for infants
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Among the applications of metabolomics on HBM, particular attention has been addressed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third most abundant component after lactose and fat. HMOs have been shown to play an important role in an infant's development, by influencing the composition of the gut microbiome, modulating the immune system, and helping protect against pathogens (25,26). The utilization of HMOs by the microbiome in the gut has been recently reviewed (27). Every lactating woman has a unique pattern of oligosaccharides. Their presence in HBM is influenced by maternal genetic factors (secretor status and Lewis blood epitopes) and, in particular it depends on the activity of specific fucosyltransferases (28): fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) catalyzes the addition of fucose residues via 1–2 linkages on Lewis blood group; fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) catalyzes the addition of fucose residues via an 1–3/4 linkage. Depending on the expression of active FUT2 and FUT3 enzymes, women phenotypes can be separated into four groups: (1) Lewis-positive secretors (Se+/Le+) with FUT3 and FUT2 active; (2) Lewis-positive nonsecretor (Se−/Le+) with FUT3 active and FUT2 inactive; (3) i.e., Lewis-negative secretors (Se+/Le−) with FUT3 inactive and FUT2 active; and (4) Lewis-negative nonsecretors (Se−/Le−) with FUT2 and FUT3 inactive.
Methods for the Morphological Study of Tracheal and Bronchial Glands
Joan Gil in Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Recently, lectins conjugated to fluorescence or horseradish peroxidase have been used to localize specific terminal or internal sugars of tissue complex carbohydrates. The specificity of the lectin binding for a single terminal sugar and specific susceptibility of a given linkage to lysis by an exoglycosidase are also utilized for cytochemical analysis of submucosal gland cells. Mucous tubule cells uniformly bind the peanut lectin-horseradish peroxidase (PL-HRP) conjugate after, but not before, sialidase digestion. They, therefore, uniformly contain penultimate alactose and terminal sialic acid (Spicer et al., 1983). As noted above, the mucous cells invariably stain thoughout for sulfomucin or sialomicin. Furthermore, Itoh et al. (1981) have demonstrated positive staining for fucose mainly in mucous cells of human bronchial glands using a peroxidase-labeled lectin from Ulex europaeous (UEA-I), which is thought to be specific for fucose (Fig. 6). Terminal sugars, identified by lectin-peroxidase, are known to vary between species and in human with ABO type (see also section on Immunohystological Methods, below).
Inhibitory effects of fucoidan on NMDA receptors and l -type Ca2+ channels regulating the Ca2+ responses in rat neurons
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Hong Wu, Shuibo Gao, Susumu Terakawa
Fucoidan is a group of sulphated fucose-containing polysaccharides obtained from brown algae. Fucoidan has multiple biological activities, including anticancer, immune and clotting modulation, anti-inflammation, etc. (Abudabbus et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017; Takahashi et al. 2018). Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of fucoidan had been confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. Fucoidan could protect rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons against β-amyloid-induced death in vitro (Jhamandas et al. 2005). Luo et al. (2009) demonstrated that fucoidan significantly reduced dopaminergic neuron death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) through inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, researchers also showed that fucoidan effectively improved the behavioural deficits of animal models with dopaminergic neuronal damage (Luo et al. 2009; Cui et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2014). Importantly, under conditions of disease and injury, excessive buildup of intracellular Ca2+ could induce neuronal damage and death involving central nervous system (CNS) disorders (Fujikawa 2015). However, the effects of fucoidan on influx of Ca2+ ions in neurons remain unclear.
A novel bicistronic gene design couples stable cell line selection with a fucose switch in a designer CHO host to produce native and afucosylated glycoform antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2018
Gargi Roy, Tom Martin, Arnita Barnes, Jihong Wang, Rod Brian Jimenez, Megan Rice, Lina Li, Hui Feng, Shu Zhang, Raghothama Chaerkady, Herren Wu, Marcello Marelli, Diane Hatton, Jie Zhu, Michael A. Bowen
The change in mass of the mAb due to fucosylation was further confirmed by intact mass analysis (Supplemental Fig. 3). Fucosylation of the heavy chain (HC) by the influence of L-fucose in the culture medium was also detected by western blot analysis of purified mAbs using the biotinylated LCA, where fucosylated HC was detected in IgG samples derived from cells treated with as little as 20 µM L-fucose (Fig. 5D). Additionally, the HTRF-based CD16 assay in HEK293 cells confirmed the loss of binding activity of the fucosylated IgG compared to the original afucosylated IgG in GS-IRES-RMD#6 and LC-IRES-RMD#17 (Fig. 5E and F). Likewise, a concentration-dependent increase in EC-50 was observed more prominently in LC-IRES-RMD#17 in the presence of 50 µM L-fucose, at which concentration partial fucosylation of IgG was detected (Table 4b). The EC-50 values increased further with the switch to fucosylated IgG that occurred in the presence of 100 µM L-fucose in the culture medium (Table 4b). These data suggest that when fucose is added in the culture medium, fucosylation occurs by modulating the cytosolic GDP L-fucose pools via a salvage pathway.48 The flexibility in controlling the fucosylation by simple addition of L-fucose during the manufacturing process offers a great advantage for the RMD system in the generation of fucosylated, afucosylated and even partially fucosylated versions of the same antibody, which can be used for treatment of different therapeutic indications depending on the mode of action.
Changes in dietary fiber intake in mice reveal associations between colonic mucin O-glycosylation and specific gut bacteria
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Hasinika K. A. H. Gamage, Raymond W. W. Chong, Daniel Bucio-Noble, Liisa Kautto, Anandwardhan A. Hardikar, Malcolm S. Ball, Mark P. Molloy, Nicolle H. Packer, Ian T. Paulsen
The gut bacteria that positively associated with glycans with two Fuc residues (2F) were all negatively associated with glycans with one terminal Fuc (F). Previous studies have shown that the expression of terminal fucose to be gut microbiota-dependent, and its absence has been shown to significantly decrease the microbial alpha diversity and change the composition of the gut microbiota in both humans and mice.51,52 For example, mice that lack a functional copy of the α1-2 fucosyltransferase gene have a higher abundance of the genera Parabacteroides, Eubacterium, Parasutterella, Bacteroides, and family Lachnospiraceae and lower abundance of Clostridiales, indicating a link between the presence of terminal Fuc and the gut microbiota.51 Our study provides further insight into this by demonstrating a distinct association of glycans with one fucose and two fucose residues with the gut microbiota.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anomer
- Fucoidan
- Glycan
- Hexose
- Polysaccharide
- Cell Membrane
- Carbohydrate
- Antigen
- Deoxy Sugar
- Chemical Formula