Nutrition for health and sports performance
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
The lipid equivalent to glucose for energy production from fats is the fatty acid. Free fatty acids are long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. As can be seen from Figure 2.11 one end of a fatty acid contains a COOH (carboxylic acid) unit and this is known as the head. The head will form bonds when in water because it is hydrophilic (water-friendly). However, the tail of a fatty acid is hydrophobic (water-fearing). While glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver, free fatty acids are stored as triglycerides within the adipocytes. Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids. Unlike the fatty acids, glycerol is a carbohydrate-based molecule that can be converted to glucose when a triglyceride is broken down. When fatty acids are required as an energy source the triglyceride can be catabolised (broken down) again to release the fatty acids. The process by which fats are released from their glycerol backbone is called lipolysis and during low-intensity exercise, when fat becomes the predominant fuel source for aerobic metabolism, the rate of lipolysis will increase. Fatty acids are released into the blood and attach to albumin, a blood protein, and travel to the exercising muscles as free fatty acids.
ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM
David M. Gibson, Robert A. Harris in Metabolic Regulation in Mammals, 2001
Chylomicrons and Vf 1)1. are the predominant forms of plasma lipoproteins following feeding (Chapter 8). As the blood percolates through the capillary beds of tissues, the lipoprotein TG is diminished by lipolysis (hydrolysis of the acyl ester bonds by lipoprotein lipase) (figure 7.1). The released free fatty acids arc taken up by many tissues as a metabolic fuel. In white adipose tissue the fatty acids arc rc-esterificd to glycerol (via glycerol- Tphosphate) in the formation of storage TG. Indeed, the synthesis of TG from fatty acids liberated from chylomicrons and VI DI. is the primary function of adipocytes, fattv acids are synthesized Je novo from glucose in adipose tissue, as in liver, but this source contributes less to adipose storage TG than fatty acids released from circulating (dietary) lipoproteins.
Experimental perturbations to investigate cardiovascular physiology
Neil Herring, David J. Paterson in Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 2018
It is relatively simple to alter the composition of the perfusate when studying isolated cells or multicellular tissue in terms of the ion concentrations, blood gas tensions and pH to study their influence on cellular function. Multiple components can be changed simultaneously, for example, to mimic ischaemia. This is usually done with a perfusate containing high K+, low pH and low O2 tension. This does not mimic the tissue gradient of ion concentrations or temporal changes that occur in vivo during an ischaemic event. Many perfusate solutions contain glucose as the main metabolic substrate, but do not contain free fatty acids, ketone bodies or lactate. This is particularly relevant to the heart where under normal circumstances the main metabolic substrate for energy production are free fatty acids.
Novel model predicts diastolic cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Mingyu Hao, Xiaohong Huang, Xueting Liu, Xiaokang Fang, Haiyan Li, Lingbo Lv, Liming Zhou, Tiecheng Guo, Dewen Yan
The myocardium of patients with diabetes is powered by free fatty acids [34]. The overuse of fatty acids in the myocardium will lead to the accumulation of fatty acids in the myocardium and lipotoxicity. Free fatty acids are the intermediate products of triglyceride metabolism in the body. In this study, TG was independently associated with diastolic cardiac dysfunction (OR = 1.1377, 95% CI 1.0435 − 1.2405). Previous studies have shown that hypertriglyceridemia affects glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity [35], and both high glucose levels and insulin resistance play an essential role in the pathogenesis of DCM [36,37]. Therefore, as a risk factor of DCM, TG affects the deterioration of the disease, to which clinicians should pay more attention. Of note, TG often increases before the onset of T2DM. Therefore, monitoring the TG level may help predict the occurrence of diabetes and its complications.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Generally, lipid can be divided into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Fatty acids can be varied on the basis of length of carbon chain and degree of saturation. Fatty acid with no double bond in its structure is saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (e.g. butyric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, etc). Fatty acid having one double bond is known as monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) e.g. Oleic acid, erucic acid, palmitoleic acid, nervonic acid, etc and fatty acid with more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) e.g. omega-3 fatty acid alpha linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid-linoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid. On the basis of the carbon chain length, fatty acids can also be classified into short with less than 6 carbon atoms (e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid, etc), medium with 6–12 carbon atoms (e.g. caproic acid, lauric acid, etc), long chain fatty acid (LCFAs) with 13–20 carbon atoms and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) with >20 or more carbon atoms.
Antimicrobial lipids in nano-carriers for antibacterial delivery
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Qianyu Zhang, Wen Wu, Jinqiang Zhang, Xuefeng Xia
Lipids encompass a wide variety of products, which exhibited mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties [14]. Among the antimicrobial lipids, free fatty acids and their monoglycerides are two of the earliest discoveries of the kind and have long been explored as antimicrobial reagents. Soaps and other detergents have been used for its abstergent and disinfecting effect, and people all over the world have been using plant or animal-derived oils in the pre-antibiotic era to combat infections such as diarrhoea, dysentery and tuberculosis, in which fatty acids constitute as one of the most important components [15,16]. On the antimicrobial efficacy of fatty acids and monoglycerides there have been mixed findings on different strains of bacteria, but it has been generally accepted that the antibacterial activity depends on the structure and shape of the free fatty acids, including carbon chain length and the number, position and orientation of double bonds [17]. Unsaturated free fatty acids tend to demonstrate greater potency than the saturated ones of the same carbon chain length [17].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
- Carboxylic Acid
- Chemistry
- Cholesteryl Ester
- Diet
- Ester
- Phospholipid
- Aliphatic Compound
- Branched-Chain Fatty Acid
- Triglyceride