Chromosome Analysis Following Short-and Long-Term Cultures in Mammalian and Human Systems, from Normal and Malignant Tissues
Arun Kumar Sharma, Archana Sharma in Chromosome Techniques, 2020
In established mouse fibroblast cell cultures, to study the effect of carcinogens, methyl cholanthrene at 1μg/ml of medium can be administered for a prolonged period. After induction of cancer in the body of the subject, cells are maintained in culture and chromosomes can be studied in them through the method outlined for the study of mammalian chromosomes. Most methods for cancer tissue explant culture are identical with those described for the study of mammalian chromosomes and tissue culture. Cancer represents an unchecked, malignant form of rapid growth, perpetuated through several cell generations and probably originating from several causes, both internal and external, including transformation by viruses. Several schedules for isolated single cells have been evolved but in general, single cell cultures of HeLa cells are easier to prepare than cultures of fibroblast cells. The potential of hybridizing mammalian cells in culture for the suppression of malignancy has been elucidated in the work of Harris et al.
Structure and function of skin
Roger L. McMullen in Antioxidants and the Skin, 2018
This chapter attempts to cover some of the fundamental concepts involving the structure and function of skin. It discusses the Skin Immune System and various cells associated with the immune response are found. Morphologically, the skin is composed of two principal components, the epidermis and dermis, which contain various cell types and structural proteins. The stratum basale is the lowest layer in the epidermis and consists of a single layer of cells, which are predominantly keratinocytes. In this part of the epidermis, the keratinocytes are undifferentiated and contain all of the usual organelles that are present in viable cells, such as mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and nucleus. The primary cell types present in the dermis include fibroblasts, mast cells, and tissue macrophages. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type and are responsible for the synthesis and structuring of the structural tissue and ground substance.
The abdomen
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre in Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the ingestion of food, the absorption of nutrients from food and the excretion of unabsorbed waste products. This process is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, together with hormones including gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin. The musculature of the alimentary tract is composed of smooth muscle from the mid-oesophagus to the external anal sphincter. Smooth muscle has an innate tone that permits sustained and sometimes powerful contraction over long periods of time. The excretory function of the kidney regulates water and electrolyte secretion to maintain blood volume, blood pressure and plasma electrolyte composition. The 1-hydroxyl group of active vitamin D is added in the kidney, so disorders of calcium and phosphate homeostasis are a common problem in chronic kidney disease. Erythropoietin, which drives erythrocyte production in the bone marrow, is produced by fibroblasts in the renal medulla in response to hypoxia.
Interleukin 7-expressing fibroblasts promote breast cancer growth through sustenance of tumor cell stemness
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Maximilian Boesch, Lucas Onder, Hung-Wei Cheng, Mario Novkovic, Urs Mörbe, Sieghart Sopper, Guenther Gastl, Wolfram Jochum, Thomas Ruhstaller, Michael Knauer, Burkhard Ludewig
The tumor microenvironment harbors cancer-associated fibroblasts that function as major modulators of cancer progression. Here, we assessed to which extent distinct cancer-associated fibroblast subsets impact mammary carcinoma growth and cancer cell stemness in an orthotopic murine model. We found that fibroblasts expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of the interleukin 7 promoter occupied mainly the tumor margin where they physically interacted with tumor cells. Intratumoral ablation of interleukin 7-expressing fibroblasts impaired breast tumor growth and reduced the clonogenic potential of cancer cells. Moreover, cDNA expression profiling revealed a distinct oncogenic signature of interleukin 7-producing fibroblasts. In particular, Cxcl12 expression was strongly enhanced in interleukin 7-producing fibroblasts and cell type-specific genetic ablation and systemic pharmacological inhibition revealed that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis impacts breast tumor cell stemness. Elevated expression of CXCL12 and other stem cell factors in primary human breast cancer-associated fibroblasts indicates that certain fibroblast populations support tumor cell stemness and thereby promote breast cancer growth.
Proinflammatory Effects of Calprotectin in Graves’ Orbitopathy
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Ji Won Kim, JaeSang Ko, JinJoo Kim, Jin Sook Yoon
Purpose: Early detection and control of inflammation are important to manage Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). We investigated the effects of calprotectin (S100A8/A9) on orbital fibroblast inflammation and GO pathogenesis. Methods: We measured serum calprotectin, S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA expression in orbital fat/connective tissue from GO patients and healthy controls, and proinflammatory cytokines in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts. Results: The serum levels of S100A8/A9 and the expression of S100A8/A9 mRNA in orbital tissue were higher in the GO patients than in the healthy controls. The serum calprotectin levels positively correlated with the clinical activity score and serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels. In cultured GO orbital fibroblasts, S100A8/A9 increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, as well as the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB. Conclusion: We demonstrated the potential of calprotectin as a biomarker of GO severity and proinflammatory responses to S100A8/A9 in GO orbital fibroblasts.
An analysis of the role of follicular lymphoma-associated fibroblasts to promote tumor cell viability following drug-induced apoptosis
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2017
Annette M. Staiger, Jasmin Duppel, Michael A. Dengler, Heiko van der Kuip, Matthias C. Vöhringer, Walter E. Aulitzky, Andreas Rosenwald, German Ott, Heike Horn
Treatment response of follicular lymphomas (FL) is highly variable. We, therefore, investigated the role of FL cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on tumor cell viability, in particular in response to treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Stromal cells outgrown from FL patients were characterized and pure CAF populations were co-cultivated with FL cells. To analyze fibroblast-mediated effects, cells in co-culture were treated with ABT-737 and Bortezomib. The adherent cell population was positive for all fibroblastic markers tested and showed increased mRNA-expression of the activation marker FAP. No effect on FL cell viability was noted when co-cultivating them with CAFs. However, stromal cells protected tumor cells from apoptosis in response to cytotoxic treatment. This might be explained by mRNA-induction of ABCC1 and ABCG2 and up-regulation of BCL2L1 in FL cells. Our finding of protective mechanisms mediated by CAFs is of pivotal impact for further studies of cytotoxic agents in FL.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Mast Cell
- Cytokine
- Macrophage
- Chlorocebus Aethiops
- Osseous Tissue
- Neoplastic Processes
- Polyomavirus Transforming Antigens