Apoptosis of Biliary Epithelial Cells
Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso in The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
The Fas receptor/Fas ligand pathway of apoptosis so far is the best characterized model of apoptosis. Cholangiocytes have been shown to express Fas receptor by immunohistochemistry in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)11 and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). A recent study suggested that cultured human biliary epithelial cells are sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis, and this is promoted by the activation of cell surface CD40. The CD40 ligand in vivo in the PBC-affected liver most likely derives from the surrounding macrophages and Τ lymphocytes, which are in close proximity to the biliary epithelial cells. CD 40 induces Fas ligand and Fas expression in cholangiocytes. The induction of Fas ligand may permit autocrine or paracrine-mediated apoptosis of the cholangiocytes. Thus, CD40 -mediated Fas pathway of apoptosis could be an important process leading to cell death in PBC.12
Apoptosis and Cell Death
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Cells can be induced to undergo apoptosis via engagement of cell surface death receptors (DR) with ligand molecules. These receptors form the tumour necrosis factor receptor family, the other members of which are Fas (APO1/CD95), DR3 (APO3), DR4 (TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2). Cell signalling was first elucidated for Fas, which is bound by Fas ligand (Fas-L). The source of Fas ligand may be in membrane-bound form presented on the surface cytotoxic T cells. The Fas ligand-Fas system normally eliminates excess T cells during an immune response, and defects in this signalling can be involved in autoimmune disease. Oral lichen planus involves epithelial apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand due to infiltration of inflammatory cells underneath the oral epithelium. Lichen planus is a condition with a high apoptotic index and is a useful positive control for apoptosis staining.
How to Assess Your Risk Using CHD Scoring Tests
Mark C Houston in The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Biomarkers:MCP-3: immune cell direction and activity.sFas: prevents apoptosis (cell death).Fas ligand: initiates cell recycling and death.Eotaxin: activates immune cells in areas of injury.CTACK: helps to clean up damaged cells.IL-16: recruits and activates immune cells and indicates inflammation.HGF: stimulates tissue repair.
Fas and FasL genetic polymorphisms in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: a case-control study
Published in Human Fertility, 2019
Ae Ra Han, Young Min Choi, Min A Hong, Jin Ju Kim, Sung Ki Lee, Kwang Moon Yang, Eun Chan Paik, Hyeon Jeong Jeong, Jong Kwan Jun
Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) interaction is one of the most important inducers of the apoptotic pathway (Burdick & Sottile, 1988; Sotto et al., 1988), and abnormal expression of these molecules affects the regulatory process of apoptosis. Fas is a cell surface receptor belonging to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, and is highly expressed on activated immune cells such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages (Burdick & Sottile, 1988). FasL, a membrane protein related to the TNF subfamily, is expressed on NK cells, activated T cells, and non-immune cells in immune privileged sites such as the eye and brain (Gonzalez-Carbajal, Cayon, Perez, & Sotto, 1988). Several researchers have reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in Fas and its ligand are associated with their expression. The SNP at the −670 (A to G) position of Fas gene leads to decreased Fas production (Banzato et al., 2013; Mahfoudh, Bel Hadj Jrad, Romdhane, & Chouchane, 2007) and an SNP at the −844 position (C to T) of the FasL gene is related with increased levels of FasL (Wu et al., 2003). Fas and FasL are also expressed on foetal cytotrophoblasts and maternal decidual cells in the placenta (Abrahams, Straszewski-Chavez, Guller, & Mor, 2004; Bonnefoix, Piccinni, & Sotto, 1988). Aberrant expression of these genes in RPL has been described in previous studies (Banzato et al., 2013; Black et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2003; Minas et al., 2007).
Blood soluble Fas concentrations and ischemic stroke patient mortality
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Leonardo Lorente, María M. Martín, Antonia Pérez-Cejas, Carmen Ferrer-Moure, Luis Ramos-Gómez, Jordi Solé-Violán, Juan J. Cáceres, Alejandro Jiménez, Agustín F. González-Rivero
One study had previously reported higher Fas expression in lymphocytes in ischemic stroke patients compared to healthy subjects and a positive correlation between Fas expression and stroke severity [11]. In another study of autopsies of fatal ischemic stroke and subjects who died due to other causes higher Fas expression was found in the brains of patients with ischemic stroke than in control subjects and in the homolateral hemisphere than in the contralateral hemisphere [12]. In another study, higher blood concentrations of sFas in ischemic stroke patients were found compared to control subjects with other neurologic disorders [13]. Activation of Fas by Fas ligand has been shown to be associated with activation of apoptosis and release of sFas [20]. However, to our knowledge, the novelties of our study were the existence of higher serum sFas levels in nonsurvivors than in survivors and the existence of an association between elevated blood sFas concentrations and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke.
Lessons from transmissible cancers for immunotherapy and transplant
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2022
Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Carolina Panis, Bruno Ricardo Barreto Pires
For a cell, tissue or organ to establish itself in a new organism, it must be nourished by the circulatory system's nutrients. This implies that the cells should possess the ability to adhere in an appropriate site for their metabolic needs or induce angiogenesis so that nutrients can diffuse and reach the ‘implanted’ cells. Similarly, cancer metastasis can only occur in appropriate sites, where the tumor cells can proliferate. Metastasis is also influenced by chemokines and chemoreceptors that direct cancerous cells to specific tissues [14]. After colonization, cells must avoid the immune response that will mediate the foreign tissue damage and rejection. Immune-privileged sites or a tolerogenic microenvironment (usually observed around cancers) facilitate cell implantation and proliferation through anti-inflammatory cytokines, like transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), that will ease immune responses [15,16]. Moreover, ligands that induce apoptosis, such as Fas ligand, contribute to this tolerogenic environment by inducing cell death of infiltrated immune cells. Apoptotic cells will further control inflammation after being recognized by scavenger receptors, leading to anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion. Nonetheless, the majority of transplants and cancers will occur in sites where there is no immune privilege.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cytotoxic T Cell
- Homotrimer
- Matrix Metalloproteinase
- Natural Killer Cell
- Transmembrane Protein
- Immune System
- Cancer
- Apoptosis
- Fas Receptor
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily