Senescence
Nate F. Cardarelli in The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Unlike earlier hypotheses, there are various methods of testing the effect of free radicals. If the idea is right, then increasing the intake of antioxidants (or other free radical scavangers) ought to increase longevity. In 1968, Harmon found that several antioxidants added to mouse diets, 2-mercaptoethylamine (2ME) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), increased mean survival time by 29% with 2ME.134 No increase in maximum lifespan was noted and four other antioxidants were ineffective. Georgieff noted that free radical inhibitors such as vitamins A and C, and copper also inhibit cancerigenesis.135 Many, not all, of the the in-use anticancer drugs are also free radical inhibitors. Comfort et al. fed ethoxyquin, an antioxidant to mice and got about 100 days’ extension of lifespan (18%).136 As Comfort et al. comment, such studies do not prove (nor disprove) the free radical hypothesis. Perhaps the bad taste means less food consumption, and thus a covertly restricted diet. Or perhaps excess antioxidant destroys toxic elements in the food, or induces an increase in enzyme concentrations, etc.
Role of Eicosanoids in Renal Disease
Robin S. Goldstein in Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Finally, it was discovered that the obstructed kidney could also synthesize LTB4 and that the production of LTB4 could enhance the infiltration of macrophages (Spaethe et al., 1988, 1989) and neutrophils (Reyes et al., 1992) into the kidney. Removal of the obstruction resulted in a decrease in macrophage infiltration and a concurrent decrease in LT as well as PG production in the ex vivo perfused kidney (Spaethe et al., 1988). Similarly, an EFAD diet (Spaethe et al., 1988) or a dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, ethoxyquin (Spaethe et al., 1989) caused reduced inflammatory infiltration and prevented the enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism which normally occurs after ureter obstruction. The role of LTs in the hemodynamic changes seen in the obstructed kidney was further elucidated in studies using a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, MK886. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase prior to and during obstruction resulted in an improved glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow after release of the obstruction (Reyes et al., 1992). Glomeruli isolated from these kidneys produced significantly less LTB4and contained fewer leukocytes than glomeruli from nontreated postobstructed kidneys. The depletion of circulating leukocytes by total-body irradiation also improved glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow and decreased glomerular LTB4 production in postobstructed kidneys (Reyes et al., 1992).
Potential of Mycochemicals in the Prevention and Control of Microbial Diseases
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Phenolic compounds are aromatic hydroxylated compounds with one or more aromatic rings and one or more hydroxyl groups. Phenolic compounds include phenolic acids, oxidized polyphenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes and lignans both benzoic (protocatechuic, 4-OH-benzoic, vanillic, syringic), cinnamic acid derivatives (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic), flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, tannins, stilbenes and oxidized polyphenols (Kumar and Goel 2019). Phenolic compounds are excellent sources of antioxidants and possess anti-tumor, cardiovascular, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties (Cateni et al. 2021). They also help to balance blood sugar level and support the body’s detoxification mechanisms. Synthetic phenolic; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), ethoxyquin (EQ) are effective in inhibiting oxidation. However, some synthetic phenolic may cause adverse toxic effects under certain conditions. BHA, which is very often used as an additive in food industry, can have negative effects on the regulation of the activity of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) depending on the dosage. Phenolic compounds such as quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, lycopene, 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, t-cinnamic and vanillic acids and naringenin were detected in mushrooms (Gąsecka et al. 2016). Mushroom extracts of Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Calocybe gambosa, Cantharellus scibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hygrophorus marzuolus, Lactarius deliciosus and Pleurotus ostreatus contain caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, homogentisic acid, myricetin, protocatechuic acid, and pyrogallol (Palacios et al. 2011). Phenolic compounds are effective antimicrobial agents against some microorganisms that are resistant to commercial antibiotics. The presence of carboxylic acid (COOH), two hydroxyl (OH) groups in para and ortho-positions of the benzene ring and also a methoxyl (OCH3) group in the meta-position seems to be important for anti-MRSA activity (Alves et al. 2013). Phenolic compounds such as grifolin and its derivatives have been isolated from the edible mushroom; Albatrellus ovinus and showed antimicrobial activity. Hericium erinaceus, an edible and medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine contains phenol analogous compounds (hericenones C, D, E, F, G, H) isolated (Thongbai et al. 2015; Corana et al. 2019). Phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin were greater in amount in Termitomyces robustus than Lentinus squarrosulus(Ugbogu et al. 2020). Bioactive components; total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phytic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, trypsin inhibition and haemagglutinin were reported in Amanita spp.; nonconventional edible wild mushroom (Greeshma et al. 2018).
Emerging pharmacological strategies for the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN), based on novel CIPN mechanisms
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Andreas A. Argyriou, Jordi Bruna, Susanna B. Park, Guido Cavaletti
However, a high throughput drug screen in a DRG neuron line treated with paclitaxel identified ethoxyquin as the most effective neuroprotective compound. Tellingly, ethoxyquin seems to be a chaperone HSP90 inhibitor by reducing the levels of two of its client proteins, i.e. SF3B2 and ataxin-2 [49]. A subsequent study by the same group also confirmed its usefulness by the same mechanism following cisplatin treatment [50]. Significantly, HSF-1 drives a transcriptional program distinct from HSP in normal cells to support cancer cells, and the HSP inhibitors are under investigation as cancer co-treatments [51,52]. Figure 1 schematically depicts the emerging therapeutic targets that are currently being evaluated in the CIPN setting, based on novel mechanisms.
The effects of aflatoxin residues on nutritional contents in ground red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Ozgur Kuzukiran, Ayhan Filazi, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen, Gorkem Ozansoy-Cengiz, Ismayil Safa Gurcan, Ercan Karabulut, Ufuk Tansel Sireli
The use of carotenoids in the control of growth of AF-producing fungi is still controversial. Norton (1997) argues that the growth of A. flavus is not affected by carotenoids. Conversely, Capsanthin (Masood et al.1994), and capsantal (a commercial product containing red pepper extract, ethoxyquin and excipient) (Santos et al.2010) were suggested to prevent the growth of A. flavus. However, Santos et al. (2010) showed that although capsantal inhibits the growth of A. flavus, it does not affect AF production and AF production depends on temperature and time. In our study, no such relationship was found between the AFs and the carotenoids (capsaicinoids and total carotenes) in the samples (Table 3). Conversely, the frequency of AF contamination was highest in peppers containing the highest concentration of capsaicin. So, as claimed by Santos et al (2010), the AF accumulation in the samples may have been influenced by external factors (temperature and time) rather than internal factors. Thus, it was concluded that the growth of fungi and AF production can be limited if the peppers are stored at normal industrial storage temperatures (10 °C).
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