Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra in Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The lipid content of millets varies from 1% to 5% with pearl, proso, and foxtail millets containing the highest (5%) and kodo and finger millet containing lowest amounts (1%). Since the germ contains higher content of lipids, pearl, and foxtail millets have higher levels due to larger germs. Approximately 88% of the total pearl millet fat is concentrated in the germ, which contains 32% of the lipid content [177]. The lipids contain neutral lipids (85%), phospholipids (12%), and glycolipids (3%). The unsaturated fatty acids constitute 78%–82% with high levels of LA followed by oleic acid. Linolenic acid and erucic acid are also present in trace amounts [7, 81]. Oleic acid is the chief fatty acid in finger millet, which itself contains lower amount of lipids content, thus accounting for the superior shelf stability [177]. Major phospholipids include lysophosphatidylcholine (42%), phos-phatidylcholine (24%), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (21%), and traceable amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol [81].
The Neurologic Disorders in Film
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks in Neurocinema—The Sequel, 2022
In the film, clinical efficacy is suggested using oleic acid (unsaturated short chain) and erucic acid, which are potent competitive inhibitors.139 This drama of a miracle cure prompted a strong critique by one of the leading experts, Dr. Hugo Moser. Lorenzo’s oil may prevent progression in some patients but mostly when they are asymptomatic. Once the disease has advanced, there is no benefit. Still, it prevented the onset of ALD in two-thirds of susceptible boys who otherwise would have progressed and died.140 The film also dramatizes the parent–physician conflict and inaccurately introduces a scene where the United Leukodystrophy Foundation objects to use of the oil. Rosen summarized the film as portraying “nurses as heartless, physicians as pompous fools, and parent support groups as mindless as a herd of sheep.”141
Chemistry of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Figure 6.29 shows some of the plant-derived feedstocks used in the synthesis of lipids and polyketides (Sell, 2006). Rapeseed oil provides erucic acid (173) that can be ozonolyzed to give brassylic acid (174) and heptanal (175), both useful building blocks. The latter can also be obtained, together with undecylenic acid (176), by pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid (177) that is available from castor oil. Treatment of undecylenic acid (176) with acid leads to movement of the double bond along the chain and eventual cyclization to give γ-undecalactone (178), which has been found in narcissus oils. Aldol condensation of heptanal (175) with cyclopentanone, followed by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, gives δ-dodecalactone (179), identified in the headspace of tuberose. Such aldol reactions, followed by appropriate further conversions, are important in the commercial production of analogues of methyl jasmonate (26) and jasmone (27).
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Erucic acid (EA) is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid denoted as 22:1ω9 or 22:1 n-9, which is an ingredient of rapeseed oil, mustard oil and canola oil (Figure 6). These oils are major sources of vegetable oil for nutritional purposes on a global scale. The rural population in north and east India, mustard oil is preferred over other oils due to its nutty and pungent flavour and also for its high smoke point (250°C) since Indian cooking conditions for deep frying can raise the oil temperature above 170°C [82]. Similarly, EA is also highly also consumed by Eskimos and other asian populations with no history of toxicity [83]. Moreover, it is considered to be healthy edible oil due to its low in SFA content, high alpha-linolenic acid (8%–15%) content, and a good n6:n3 ratio (6:5). Rapeseed-mustard oil contains high amount of EA, varied from 14% to 33% in the lipids [84]. The physical and biological feature of a lipid largely depends on the positional distribution of fatty acids, esterified to carbon atoms of glycerol moiety to form TAG structure [85]. In case of EA, the first (sn-1) and third (sn-3) positions are esterified in the TAG moiety [86]. Fatty acids located at second position (sn-2) of the TAG are faster released than fatty acids at positions first (sn-1) and third (sn-3) [87]. According to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the apparent digestibility coefficients of EA in different species was found to be between 58% and 100% [87].
Integrative multiomics analysis reveals host-microbe-metabolite interplays associated with the aging process in Singaporeans
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Liwei Chen, Tingting Zheng, Yifan Yang, Prem Prashant Chaudhary, Jean Pui Yi Teh, Bobby K. Cheon, Daniela Moses, Stephan C. Schuster, Joergen Schlundt, Jun Li, Patricia L. Conway
Some previous studies showed that LCFAs could promote inflammation, whereas SCFAs suppress inflammation;39,40 thus, we examined the possible links of fatty acids exhibiting significant differences (between elderly and young groups) and reported important proinflammatory mediators,41,42 including wide-range C-reactive protein (wr-CRP), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCP-1/MCAF), macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1b) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) (data are shown in Supplementary Table S10). Interestingly, erucic acid (a monounsaturated LCFA) showed modest but significant positive correlations with IL-7 (Spearman rho = 0.382, p = .007) and IL-8 (Spearman rho = 0.343, p = .011) (Supplementary Figure S8 and S9). Valeric acid (SCFA) was negatively correlated with IL-7 (Spearman rho = −0.298, p = .04) (Supplementary Figure S10). These results suggested that the fatty acids of the gut metabolome possibly contributed to inflammation through the modulation of IL-7, while further investigation is needed to clarify the mechanism linked with the immune response.
The Brassica Napus Extract (BNE)-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles as an Early Necroptosis and Late Apoptosis Inducer in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Hanieh Shabestarian, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Ali Es-haghi, Farzanehsadat Khadem
Nowadays, the replacement of natural compounds with chemical treatments to prevent the harms of chemotherapy is being studied and researchers are trying to identify and use natural compounds with tumor inhibitory properties and minimal side effects (11). Phytochemical-based cancer therapy has been successfully applied in treating different types of human cancers such as lung, breast, and colon due to its more biocompatibility and diminished harmful side effects (12–15). Previous studies have examined and confirmed the medicinal effects of some herbal compounds (16, 17). Brassica napus L. is found as a common medicinal food plant in North Africa, Middle Asia, and West Europe. It is called “Colza” in Iranian traditional medicine. It is commonly used for various types of medical applications as the anti-scurvy, diuretic, and bladder anti-inflammatory compound. The rapeseeds’ seeds composition are different in amounts of their phytochemicals such as α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, tocopherols, erucic acid, gluconapin, progoitrin, and phenolic content (18). Despite the therapeutic properties of many herbal compounds, their effect on non-target organs, instability and oxidation of some active substances and also their insolubility in water are the limitations of clinical use of these compounds (17).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dicarboxylic Acid
- Monounsaturated Fat
- Polyamide
- Polyester
- Rapeseed Oil
- Omega-9 Fatty Acid
- Mustard Oil
- Cis–Trans Isomerism
- Brassylic Acid
- 1-Docosanol