Infections
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara in Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Two main mechanisms of resistance are described. The first mechanism is due to alteration in the 23S rRNA target by methylation of two adenine nucleotides in the RNA encoded by erm genes. At least 12 classes of erm genes have been identified by nucleic acid hybridisation analysis and nucleotide sequence comparison. The ermB gene confers co-resistance to 14-, 15-, and 16-membered-ring macrolides and lincosamides (MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited exceeding 128 μg/ml for both three drugs), and to streptogramin B (MIC90 = 64 μg/ml). The second mechanism involves the presence of an efflux pump encoded by the mef gene, which removes drugs from the bacterial cell. The mefA gene encodes a hydrophobic 44–2kDa protein sharing homology with membrane-associated pump proteins. The mefA gene confers resistance only to 14- and 15-membered-ring macrolides (MIC90 = 8 μg/ml). Mutation of the ribosomal target of macrolides remains a rare resistance mechanism.
Vitreoretinal surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membranes
A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha in Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
The etiology of the ERM influences the surgical outcome. Eyes with membranes following retinal detachment fare worse than those with idiopathic ERMs.48 In a study evaluating vision after membrane removal following retinal detachment or retinal breaks, factors associated with better postoperative vision included the presence of a thin ERM and a macula-on status during the previous detachment.49 In a similar study of idiopathic ERMs, factors associated with better postoperative visual results included an initial vision of 20/60 or better, a short duration of blurred vision, a thin ERM, and no traction retinal detachment.41
Utility of Removal of Vitreous Cortex Remnants during Vitrectomy for Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Taku Wakabayashi, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati, Sunir J. Garg, Allen C. Ho, Marc J. Spirn
Eyes were divided into two groups: group A (eyes with VCR that underwent removal) and group B (eyes without VCR thus did not undergo removal). The main outcome measures included the prevalence of VCR identified intraoperatively, SSAS, average number of surgeries to achieve anatomic success, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final follow-up, and rate of complications including PVR and ERM formation in each group. We reviewed the medical records and surgical notes of all patients for the following parameters: age, sex, ophthalmic history, preoperative BCVA, postoperative BCVA at the final follow-up visits, and postoperative complications including PVR and ERM. Postoperative ERM was identified using the Spectralis spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). ERM was classified as mild (minimal increase in thickness with maintenance of a normal configuration including foveal pit), moderate (widening of the outer nuclear layer and loss of foveal contour), or severe (thickening of the entire retina with more severe membrane than moderate ERM and presence of ectopic inner foveal layers). The classification of the ERM was based on a previously reported staging for the severity of ERM.22 Mild ERM corresponded to stage 1, moderate indicated stage 2, and severe corresponded to stages 3 and 4 in the previous study.22
OCT Imaging in Infants
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Sushma Jayanna, Subhadra Jalali, Tapas R Padhi, Komal Agarwal, Jay Chhablani
CHRRPE is a unilateral benign tumor if involved fovea will cause severe vision loss. commonly associated with Neurofibromatosis type 2 also rarely with type 1. Clinically, it appears as a thick diffuse membrane with Internal limiting membrane (ILM) folds. Commonly confused for ERM. On OCT hyper reflective mass with loss of inner retinal structural integrity will be noted. structural and visual prognosis post vitreo retinal surgery in these cases will be poor compared to ERM.35,36 In cases with neurofibromatosis 2, It has a characteristic flame shaped appearance of the epiretinal membrane on OCT. These findings are noted even before the appearance of other systemic signs, and hence it becomes important to have pediatrician review when babies present with these characteristic ocular findings.37
“They Don’t Think Like Us”: Exploring Attitudes of Non-Transgender Students Toward Transgender People Using Discourse Analysis.
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Chris Robson Day, Kate Nicholls
Extract H4 N: I think there is a difference (.) There is because like (.) males are obviously (.) quite different to females ((laughs)) … in terms of every, well, quite a lot of things, erm (.) I think in that sense it is like a, like really different. Erm (.) like you can dress up as a female, you can dress up as a male, but (.) biologically (.) you’re the opposite. D’ya understand? (.) Erm (.) yeah, an’ I think (.) surgery (.) they undergo surgery to obviously rectify that (.) So yeah, I think until then (.)like (.) psychologically you think you’re, you’re female but (.) biologically an’ physically you aren’t. Erm (.) I think there is a big difference, erm, like pre and post-surgery. (Neera, L389-L402)
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