Protein Sources, CVD, Type 2 Diabetes, and Total Mortality
Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss in Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Sources of protein in the U.S. diet (O’Neil et al. 2012) are shown in Table 19.1. Although wheat- and corn flour–based products rank first in contribution to protein in this table, they will not be discussed in detail except for acute studies using gluten. Eggs are an important source of protein, but the accompanying cholesterol makes interpretation of the effect of protein difficult except in acute studies using egg albumin. Although soy and other legumes contribute only 1%–2% protein, they will be discussed as they are important in non-U.S. diets. Nuts and seeds will not be discussed as they are not major contributors to protein intake for most people and contribute mostly fat. This is similar for legumes, which contribute fat, carbohydrate, and fiber. Red meat epidemiology usually includes unprocessed pork as red meat, whereas in this analysis it is mixed with pork-based processed goods. Red and processed meats together are the major source of protein at 24.1%, while animal protein accounts for about 75%–78%. Meat, poultry, and fish account for about 25% of the saturated fat intake as does dairy.
Animal Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Protein is distributed in both egg white and yolk. Egg white is mainly composed of protein (11%), with ovalbumin being the most abundant (54%), followed by ovotransferrin (12%), ovomucoid (11%), lysozyme (3.5%), and ovomucin (3.5%) (111–115). Other minor proteins such as ovoglycoprotein, ovoflavoprotein, ovomacroglobulin, avidin, cystatin, and ovoinhibitor have also been identified (112, 114–115). The main components of the yolk are lipids (31–35%), although it also has 15–17% of proteins including lipovitellins (36%), livetins (38%), phosvitin (8%), and low-density lipoproteins (17%) (115). Egg yolk is covered with the vitelline membrane which separates it from the egg white. It is also a good source of proteins, being composed mostly of protein fibers (115).
Protein as a Functional Food Ingredient for Optimizing Weight Loss and Body Composition
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Dietary protein sources vary within different foods, such as gluten in wheat, albumin in eggs, and casein and whey in milk. Specifically, these proteins are made up of a group of proteins or chemically associated protein molecules. The protein in egg albumin includes ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, and lysozyme. In the case of milk whey protein, it includes β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase, as well as glycomacropeptide (GMP), a casein-derived protein in cheese whey, whereas the principal milk casein fractions are α(s1) and α(s2)-caseins, β-casein, and kappa-casein.
Design, development and characterization of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel bead for controlled release of glipizide drug
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Kalaiarasan Sellamuthu, Sheela Angappan
Sodium alginate (SAL) is an anionic linear polysaccharide composed of residues of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid derived from natural origin, via extracting from marine brown seawood. SAL is sodium salt of alginic acid. As the alginates are nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, water-soluble hydrocolloids, it has led to a vast number of valuable applications in the food, cosmetic and biomedical fields. In presence of divalent metal ions like Ca2+ or trivalent ions such as Al3+, the guluronate monomers of one alginate molecule get cross-linked to another alginate molecule of a similar region resulting in an egg box-like structure [7]. Thus, the phenomenon of forming aqueous-insoluble calcium alginate (CAL) gel helps in drug encapsulation and controlling the drug release [8]. However, CAL beads showed poor mechanical stability in the physiological environment [9]. Under these circumstances, the IPN drug delivery system development could help to overcome the CAL gel limitation and to prolong the drug release for a longer period time. IPN hydrogel beads based on sodium alginate polymers are developed with egg albumin or gelatin, Locust bean gum (Madhavi et al.), cellulose polymers [10–12] and polyvinyl alcohol bring about the controlled release of drugs and better mechanical properties [13]. Furthermore, the addition of another polymer with sodium alginate might cause free space for the easy encapsulation of drugs [14].
The Effects of Ovalbumin on Proliferation, Migration, and Stemness Properties of Chemoresistant SW480 Colon Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Hadi Monji, Hamid Zand, Arman Ghorbani, Katayoun Pourvali
The egg is a very nutritious food that provides many health benefits to consumers. It is well known that eggs can supply the nutrients required for the embryo’s normal development and growth, including amino acids, fat, vitamins, minerals, and growth factors (9). Also, egg proteins have several significant biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, and antihypertensive features (9). Ovalbumin (OVA) is the most abundant protein in egg white. It has been shown that OVA migrates into the developing chick embryo, proposing that OVA may have direct functions in addition to providing energy and protein storage role during embryogenesis. Hence, it presents OVA as a factor for embryo development (10, 11) which can also show an anticancer effect.
Metal nanoparticles as a promising technology in targeted cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Jia-Jie Xu, Wan-Chen Zhang, Ya-Wen Guo, Xiao-Yi Chen, You-Ni Zhang
One of the most common metallic NPs in the world is zinc oxide. Zinc oxide NPs have received a lot of attention recently because of their ability to produce ROS when exposed to light. Particles of zinc oxide can be modified chemically to increase their photocatalytic efficiency as well as their ability to generate ROS by a variety of methods including doping with metals, polymer modification, and organic photosensitizing agents. The improved antibacterial and anticancer activity of modified zinc oxide NPs can be attributed to their increased ROS generation efficiency (Sivakumar et al., 2018). The potential anticancer activity of the CUR-loaded zinc oxide NPs was investigated using the MTT assay on the rhabdomyosarcoma RD cell line, while their cytotoxic effects were assessed using the resazurin assay on human embryonic kidney cells. The large aspect ratio of ZnO structures was considered a factor in the NPs' increased cytotoxicity (Perera et al., 2020). In another study, it was reported that egg albumin was used in the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs. The system showed anticancer efficacy on MCF-7 as measured by the MTT assay, with considerable cytotoxicity and correspondingly reduced cellular viability. The prepared NPs induced ROS, which increased the regulated transcription of mRNA levels of apoptotic genes such as p53, bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 while drastically downregulating the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, according to a gene expression research (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The findings suggested that the nano system specifically suppressed MCF-7 gene expression via ROS damage and cell death induced by cytotoxicity (Vijayakumar et al., 2020).