Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Two other types of lipids in food products are structured lipids and diglycerides. Structured lipids are triglycerides that have undergone hydrolysis and re-esterification under conditions that resulted in triglycerides with new combinations of fatty acids. For example, a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and fish oil taken through this process results in triglycerides that can contain medium-chain fatty acids and EPA, and DHA. The basic process results in the free fatty acids being randomly re-esterified to the glycerol backbones. However, the process can be manipulated to place specific fatty acids in preferred positions on the glycerol molecule. This option is quite expensive and thus has not been adopted by the food industry to any degree. However, the random re-esterification process has been used to produce structured triglycerides designed to facilitate the absorption of both medium-chain and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.
Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Glycolipids are divided into glycoglycerolipids and glycosphingolipids. Glycoglycerolipids, also called glyceroglycolipids, are glycolipids containing mono, di or trisaccharides linked glycosidically to the hydroxyl group (OH) of diglycerides. Galactose is the most common carbohydrate molecule in plant glycolipids. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and digalactosyldiacylglycerols are the main glycolipid components of the various membranes of chloroplasts, and these are the most abundant lipids in all photosynthetic tissues, including those of higher plants, algae, and bacteria (138). The main functions of glycolipids in the body are to serve as recognition sites for cell contact, as receptor components for proteins and as markers for tumor progression and cell differentiation (138). Glycolipids also act as modulators of signal transduction, cell proliferation, and calcium homeostasis (138). They play important roles in the immune system for the defense against microbes and viruses (137–138).
Nanocarrier Technologies for Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Api
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Triglycerides include long, medium and short chain triglycerides. Long chain triglycerides (fixed oil) are able to enhance the lymphatic transport of the drugs and bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism as compared to medium chain tri, di and monoglycerides. Medium chain mono and diglycerides possess greater solubilization and absorption potential as compared to long chain triglycerides. Also, the medium chain glycerides are less prone to oxidation and have a high solvent capacity and promote emulsi-fication as compared to long chain triglycerides. Thus, the mixture of long chain and medium chain triglycerides (mixed glycerides) can be used to balance the drug loading and emulsification abilities. Mixed glycerides can be obtained from the partial hydrolysis of the vegetable oils. Polar oils (e.g., span 85) also enhances the solvent capacity and promotes emulsification.
Development and characterization of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system and in vitro evaluation on Caco-2 cell line
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Yesim Aktas, Merve Celik Tekeli, Nevin Celebi
In recent years, in vitro lipolysis test has become an important tool for the better understanding of how lipid based drug delivery systems behave in the gastrointestinal tract. Hydrolysis of the lipids starts by gastric lipases secreted from salivary glands and the gastric mucosa and lipids consisting of medium-chain triglycerides are hydrolysed faster than long-chain triglycerides. Diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acids are produced as a result of lipolysis and the surface activity of these digestion products together with the dietary phospholipids and the powerful shear forces of the stomach promote the first crude emulsification of the lipids. Following the emulsification in the stomach, the lipid droplets are propelled into the duodenum for further processing. 10–25% of the total lipolysis occurs by gastric enzymes whereas the rest of the lipids are hydrolysed by pancreatic enzymes. Upon the arrival of the emulsion in the small intestine, hydrolysis of the remaining lipids occurs by pancreatic lipases. Similar to gastric lipase, the efficiency of pancreatic lipase is higher on medium-chain triglycerides than long-chain triglycerides (Thomas et al.2012).
SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Eliana B. Souto, Iara Baldim, Wanderley P. Oliveira, Rekha Rao, Nitesh Yadav, Francisco M. Gama, Sheefali Mahant
Radomska-Soukharev carried out an in-depth investigation to study the stability of lipids in SLN formulations using different lipids and varying amounts of surfactants [87]. It was found that triglycerides yield more stable products as compared to mono and diglycerides. It was postulated that a binary mixture of surfactants imparts more stability than a single surfactant. It was further stated that the nature of surfactant and its concentration have an impact in its solubilizing capacity for water in the lipid phase, and also brings about variations in the incorporation of the surfactant in the outer shell of SLN and its distribution in the molten lipid phase. SLN dispersion can cause distortion in crystallization behavior, thereby, lowering the melting enthalpy. Moreover, the effects of electrostatic and steric stabilization were found to be additive.
Combinatorial delivery of Ribociclib and green tea extract mediated nanostructured lipid carrier for oral delivery for the treatment of breast cancer synchronising in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Ali Sartaj, Annu , Meraj Alam, Largee Biswas, Mohammad Shahar Yar, Showkat Rasool Mir, Anita Kamra Verma, Sanjula Baboota, Javed Ali
The current study of in vitro lipolysis was performed to establish the solubilisation and in vivo fate of NLCs at the site of absorption. The various media used for the lipolysis was digestive buffer made of trismaleate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide. The taurocholic acid and L-alpha phosphatidylcholine (composition of buffer mentioned in Table 1). The result solution mimics the fasted state of the gastrointestinal tract. The final buffer was maintained at 37 °C and adjusted pH to 6.8 by adding 1 M NaOH. The NLCs formulation of dual drug-loaded was taken and mixed to the digestive buffer and made the concentration of 5 mg per ml. 1.75 ml of pancreatic extract was added to the above digestive buffer (containing NLCs formulation and porcine pancreatin of 200 mg per ml of digestive buffer) at constant stirring for 15 min. The enzymatic digestion was initiated and maintained the pH to 6.8 throughout the procedure by adding 0.15 M NaOH. The experiment was set up for 30 min. The volume of NaOH required to maintain a pH of 6.8 is noted and the release of 2 free fatty acids was calculated. At the end of the experiment, the mixture was centrifuged for 15 min to separate the layers. The supernatant was collected in is aqueous phase containing bile salt, monoglyceride, and fatty acids. The sediment was collected containing lipid components of diglycerides, triglycerides, and undissolved fatty acids. Drug content was measured in both layers [31].
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