Assessment of Secondary Metabolites in the Yams of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. & Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
The moisture content in the tuber extraction was weighed, and values were estimated before and after incubation in a hot air oven at 80°C for 24 hours, followed by cooling in desiccators. The average loss in weight of the samples was calculated and expressed as the moisture percentage. The nitrogen content was determined by the microKjeldhal method (Humphries 1956). The crude protein was calculated by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen content with the factor 6.25. The crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash were estimated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists method (AOAC 1970). The nitrogen free extractive (NFE) or crude carbohydrate was calculated as follows 100% of crude protein + % of crude lipid + % of crude fiber + % of ash (Muller and Tobin 1980). The calorific value was determined by multiplying the percentages of crude protein, crude fiber and carbohydrates with the factors 4, 9, and 4 respectively. Amino acids, free sugars, and buffer soluble proteins were determined (Basha et al. 1976).
Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale in Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Some brief notes on each are given below: Carbohydrates and glucose: These are used for body cells. Your brain and red blood cells rely on glucose to supply their energy: think of these as brain foods.Protein: Essential to the body for growth, repair and maintenance.Fats (lipids): Phospholipids are used to make up cell membranes; triglycerides are fuel for the body. Fats act as insulation for your body and help the body absorb vitamins.Vitamins: A, B group, C, D, E and K are crucial in helping the body use other nutrients.Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chloride and magnesium are required for living organisms.Water: An essential nutrient for hydration.
Protein
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
In summary, protein is one of the many important nutrients the body needs to maintain health and vitality. Eating enough good quality protein is not very difficult if consuming a typical American diet, and if the sources of protein-rich foods of animal and vegetable origin are known and used. Special attention has to be paid in particular cases where dietary practices, acute or chronic diseases, physical activity patterns, and economic factors could interfere with protein nutriture. There are nutrition education programs available through health professionals, senior citizens centers, congregate meal sites, and churches; and nutrition education programs for older adults are usually offered by dietitians, nutritionists, or geriatric health care practitioners. The goal of nutrition counseling is to influence individuals to consume an adquate diet based on the U.S. Dietary Guidelines. It is also important to be aware that in the case of disease specialized nutritional counseling is required regarding which foods to consume, how to prepare them, the need to modify dietary habits, the importance of interactions between food and medications, etc. Nutrition counseling for healthy older women is also important in making lifestyle changes oriented towards better eating habits, increasing physical activity levels, and reducing stress.
Growth responses of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed differently boiled periods of rubber (Hevea brasilensis) leaves-based diets
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
The present study showed no significant difference among the experimental diets in terms of crude protein. However, the percentage of crude fiber in each of the diets exceeded the recommended 4% as stated by Cowey [11]. According to Galtin [12], the quantity of crude fiber in the diet of fish is usually less than 7% of the fish diet to limit the amount of undigested materials entering the culture medium. A high fiber and ash content reduces the digestibility of other ingredients in the diets resulting in poor growth of the fish [13]. Despite the high levels of crude fiber in the diets than what was reported by Cowey [11], the growth of the experimental fish was not adversely affected. This might be due to the heat treatment given to the rubber leaves before inclusion into the diets. This is in agreement with the findings of Udensi et al. [14] who stated that boiling cowpea seeds in water for 15 to 45 min reduced the anti-nutritional factors. In addition, Bell et al. [15] stated that cooking renders feedstuffs more palatable, digestible and also destroys bacteria at the same time the fiber shrinks, becomes loose and softens. Similarly, Wang et al. [16] stated that boiling and soaking resulted in the reduction of anti-nutrients present in flours made from different lentil varieties. Khattab et al. [17] concluded that there can be a complete removal of trypsin inhibitor activity for pea seeds via toasting or boiling.
Serum and plasma amino acids as markers of prediabetes, insulin resistance, and incident diabetes
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
C. Gar, M. Rottenkolber, C. Prehn, J. Adamski, J. Seissler, A. Lechner
Protein provides the most important structural and functional components of the human body. Muscle protein in particular also serves as an energy store. Protein-derived amino acids are constantly turned over and transported between organs and the blood stream. In anabolic phases, dietary amino acids are added to the body’s protein pool. These phases alternate with catabolic states, which occur with energy deprivation or when dietary protein is available in excess of structural requirements. Then energy is provided by the breakdown of endogenous protein and amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis [16]. Over-activation of gluconeogenesis occurs in most cases of prediabetes and T2D [17,18]. Glucagon stimulates this process in the liver and, to a lower extent, in the kidneys [16]. After deamination, amino acids form keto acids like acetyl-CoA (derived from leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan), alpha-ketoglutarate (derived from glutamate, glutamine, arginine, proline, and histidine), succinyl-CoA (derived from valine), and fumarate (derived from aspartate, asparagine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine), which are further metabolized to oxaloacetate in the Krebs-cycle (Figure 1) [16,19]. Deamination of asparagine and aspartate directly forms oxaloacetate and alanine; the deamination of cysteine, glycine, serine, and tryptophan form pyruvate. Oxaloacetate and pyruvate feed gluconeogenesis [16,19]. Among the amino acids, alanine and glutamine are the most important gluconeogenic precursors in liver (major site of gluconeogenesis) [20–22].
Advances in the proteomics of amniotic fluid to detect biomarkers for chromosomal abnormalities and fetomaternal complications during pregnancy
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Aayushi Vasani, Maushmi S. Kumar
This technique is based on enriching the proteins with few chemical features which predict their interactions with particular surfaces used as a laser desorption/ionization target. SELDI is often recognized as an array technique. Here, detection of even intact small protein is possible since the technique does not involve the use of enzymes to carry out the protein digestion. It is carried out on chip platform and analyzes the crude protein samples with efficient high throughout. However, the technique fails to identify proteins based on mass spectra and thus further investigation is required to fully identify the protein. The data obtained helps in analysis and identifying the interpretative features which can be helpful to recognize markers for diagnosis as well as prognosis [18,19].