The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that could differentiate into specialised cell types (potency) and proliferate indefinitely with numerous cell growth cycles (self-renewal) (Hashemi et al. 2015; Hashemi et al. 2013; Molaabasi et al. 2020; Ghorbanzade et al. 2020). The use of stem cells is a highly established approach in regenerative medicine (Askari and Naghib 2020; Ghorbanzade and Naghib 2019). For instance, Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) can differentiate into more than 200 types of cells which could be used to restore a patient’s tissue from severe injuries or chronic diseases (Mahla 2016). The application of regenerative medicine could encompass the cell therapy (using the patient’s own cells or non-native donor cells), treatment with growth factors, applications of recombinant proteins, small molecules, and finally tissue engineering and gene therapy. The cell therapy method could be defined as the introduction of new cells into the tissue for disease treatment. These new cells often focus on the stem cells or mature, functional cells with or without genetic modification (gene therapy) for both kinds of cells (Wei et al. 2013).
Tissue engineering and regeneration
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
The potential impact of tissue engineering and regenerative therapies is so far-reaching that practising surgeons should be aware of the opportunities afforded to improve radically the management of patients. Stem cell therapy has the potential to provide treatment for a wide range of diseases, including spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative conditions, cardiovascular disease, degenerative retinal conditions, type I diabetes and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The field of tissue engineering is of particular relevance to surgeons because many of the potential future clinical applications are for conditions where surgeons are closely involved in assessment and treatment (Table4.1). Selected examples include repair or replacement of injured or diseased cartilage, skin, pancreatic islets, bladder, intestine, heart tissue, arteries, larynx and bronchus. A longer-term goal in tissue engineering is the replacement of diseased whole organs such as the liver and kidney, although the technical challenges here are enormous.
The science of biotechnology
Ronald P. Evens in Biotechnology, 2020
In biotechnology, cell therapy involves obtaining healthy cells from a specific tissue, selecting out a specific subset of cells with certain desirable properties, and enhancing the activity of these cells through ex vivo manipulation. We then return these specifically selected, enhanced, and activated cells to patients who have damaged tissue and whose cells are not sufficiently functional, thereby ameliorating a disease. The patient also may benefit from enhanced cells improving disease response. For example, bone marrow progenitor cells can be collected from peripheral blood, bone marrow cells, or cord blood of cancer patients, and the cells with the greatest regenerative potential are selected and separated through various cell-tagging processes followed by ex vivo cell expansion. Selection also eliminates blood-borne cancer cells. Following life-threatening high-dose chemotherapy to kill cancer cells in a cancer patient, which destroys almost all the bone marrow hematopoietic cells, these selected progenitor cells are administered to the patient to accelerate regeneration of bone marrow and white blood cell production, especially preventing infections. See Figure 4.4 for the full process of cell therapy in oncology.
Intra-arterial administration of cell-based biological agents for ischemic stroke therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Stavros Spiliopoulos, Georgios Festas, Lazaros Reppas, Elias Brountzos
Cell therapy (also referred as cellular therapy or cytotherapy) refers to the injection of cellular material into a patient; this generally means intact, living cells. Considering cell therapy for ischemic stroke, several stem cells of different origins have been studied in various experiments. Some promising results were noted in an experimental ischemic stroke rat model, following intra-arterial xeno-transplantation of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MC) [35]. Furthermore, the reduction of neurological deficit and ischemic infarction area was notably higher after intra-arterial infusion of UCB-MC compared with the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obtained from umbilical cord. In many clinical trials, autologous cells deriving from bone marrow [36] or peripheral blood, were preferentially used for post-stroke transplantation [37,38]. Moreover, recent studies have confirmed the rationale for using UCB-MC in the treatment of neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury [39,40]. The major advantages of the clinical application of UCB-MC are the suitability for human allo- and auto-transplantation, low immunogenicity, availability, ease of preparation and storage [41]. So far, equally important factor is the absence of legislative, ethical, or religious prohibitions related to the transplantation of human umbilical cord blood cells. In addition, UBC-MC contains a wide variety of stem cells which could be a useful source of many growths and trophic factors that stimulate angiogenesis [42].
Multi-functional chitosan-based smart hydrogels mediated biomedical application
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Min Mu, Xiaoling Li, Aiping Tong, Gang Guo
As a promising therapy method, the concept of cell therapy has been further studied. Culturing different cells with various functions in vitro can be utilized in tissue engineering, cancer therapy and the like. The technology of cell culture is an enormous challenge. Hydrogel can be used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [90,91]. The ability to self-assembly form 3D networks makes hydrogel more suitable for 3D cell culture. The porous structure and the inert surface make the microenvironment more conducive to cell culturing, conserving cell viability in vivo or in vitro and averting non-specific adsorption [92]. Chitosan is a primary compound of the extracellular matrix, thus as cell scaffolds, it can facilitate cartilage regeneration [93,94]. Chitosan-based hydrogel for 3D cell culture can promote cell survival and proliferation [95–97]. Thus, a series of chitosan derivates as novel thermo-sensitive hydrogel materials have been applied to 3D cell culture [98,99]. As a natural polysaccharide, there are many modified methods for chitosan needed for the development of cell culture.
Research progress on detachable microneedles for advanced applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
SeungHyun Park, KangJu Lee, WonHyoung Ryu
Cell therapy approaches have been widely used to treat diseased tissues. However, the efficiency of these approaches remains unproven based on numerous preclinical and clinical trials mainly due to the poor retention of transplanted cells [105]. For instance, it has been shown that more than 90% of injected cells are typically lost within 24 h of delivery regardless of the delivery route, such as intramyocardial or intracoronary injection [106]. MSCs embedded in an ECM-like porous matrix showed low therapeutic efficacy owing to low engraftment to the host tissue and poor migratory effects of cells to the injury site [107]. A recent study also showed that epicardially implanted MSCs had low retention on a rat cardiac muscle and improved the heart function through the paracrine release of soluble factors and cytokines [108]. Direct cell injection into tissues is also invasive and may be unable to regenerate large defect areas due to the limited number of injections. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve the MSC retention on the tissue in a minimally invasive manner.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cell Encapsulation
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia
- Bone Marrow
- Cancer
- Regenerative Medicine
- Chemotherapy
- T Cell
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Cell-Mediated Immunity