Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors
Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald in Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
NOD1 and NOD2 were first discovered as mammalian members of the Ced4/Apaf-1 family of apoptosis regulators. Structurally, NOD2 shares significant homology with NOD1 but contains two, instead of one, CARDs at its amino terminus. The CARD recruits caspases, a family of intracellular proteases that induce apoptotic cascades. NOD1 is encoded by the CARD4 gene and NOD2 by the CARD15 gene. Both NOD proteins recognize peptidoglycan fragments released from the cell wall of bacteria: NOD1 senses a gram-negative peptidoglycan derivative, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), whereas NOD2 senses muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a minimal bioactive motif of peptidoglycan from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Thus, NOD2 acts as a general sensor of bacterial infection, whereas sensing via NOD1 is restricted to gram-negative microorganisms. The ligands that activate NOD1 and NOD2 probably enter the cell by endocytosis through clathrin-coated pits. After enzymatic processing in endosomes, the peptide ligands enter the cytosol. NOD1 and NOD2 are implicated in the intracellular recognition of pathogens, including enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Listeria monocytogenes.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai in Fenugreek, 2022
Moreover, the apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC) is central to inflammatory and cell death pathways in innate and adaptive immunity. Fenugreek seed extract provides cytoprotection to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflamed and nanosilica-treated fibroblasts via a ROS independent pathway (Sharma et al., 2017). All atom molecular dynamics simulations of ASC-ligand complex reveal that individual phytochemicals in fenugreek can bind to ASC via specific non-covalent interactions. Thus, the synergistic effect of fenugreek phytochemicals with the ASC protein alters its molecular properties resulting in altered cellular function and also such information is crucial to the development of targeted therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases.
Genetics
M. Alan Menter, Caitriona Ryan in Psoriasis, 2017
CARD14 is represented by several isoforms.8 Full-length CARD14 (CARD14fl, also known as CARD14 isoform 1) encodes both an N-terminal CARD domain necessary for activation of NF-κB and a C-terminal tripartite membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) domain (PDZ/SH3/GUK) that is involved in relaying external signals to the inside of the cell. This is the only isoform that harbors the p.R820W polymorphism. A shorter isoform, CARD14sh, encodes the CARD domain but not the MAGUK domain. CARD14sh is the most abundant isoform in all tissues where it is expressed, including skin. Another isoform, CARD14cl, lacks the CARD and the tripartite domain and is unable to activate NF-κB.8,78CARD14cl has a very restricted pattern of expression, which is confined to the epidermis, thymus, and placenta8 and possibly lung and cervix.78 CARD14-induced activation of NF-κB is dependent on TRAF278 and might also require TRAF3 or TRAF6. Moreover, CARD14 may fit into other known Ps associated pathways such as IL-17/Act1. Figure 4.3 provides possible signaling pathways involving CARD14 that are operating in the keratinocyte and endothelial cell in Ps. Genes in regions identified through GWAs are highlighted.
TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2018
Komal Dolasia, Manoj K Bisht, Gourango Pradhan, Atul Udgata, Sangita Mukhopadhyay
The NLR proteins are intracellular cytoplasmic sensors conserved throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. Although they are primarily expressed in macrophages and other antigen presenting cells, they are also expressed in lymphocytes and non-immune cells. This family has 23 members with similar tripartite structure consisting of a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain that bind ligands, a central nucleotide-binding domain (NACHT domain) which is critical for self-oligomerization, and a variable N-terminal domain.8 NLRs are subdivided on the basis of amino-terminal domain,9 such as (i) NLRA, A for acidic transactivating domain which includes CIITA, (ii) NLRB, B for BIRs (baculovirus inhibitor repeat motif), the only member of this family is NAIP, (iii) NLRC, where C stands for CARD (caspase recruitment domain) which includes NOD1, NOD2, NLRC3 (NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 3), NLRC4 (Ipaf), NLRC5 and iv) NLRP, where P stands for a pyrin (PYD). This group contains NLRP1 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1), NLRP2, NLRP3, NLRP4, NLRP5, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP8, NLRP9 and NLRP10.10,11
The relationship between executive functions and chronotype in healthy siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Murat Yaşar, Fatih Hilmi Çetin, Serhat Türkoğlu, Halit Necmi Uçar
The Stroop test is used to assess cognitive functions such as response inhibition, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory (Scarpina and Tagini 2017). The Stroop test consists of five sections using four white cards. There are six lines of four items on each card. In the Stroop test form, there are color names (red, blue, yellow and green) printed in black on a white background on the first card, and color names printed in red, blue, yellow and green on the second card. On the third card are circles printed in red, blue, yellow and green. The fourth card has neutral words printed in red, blue, yellow and green. The second card is used twice, in the second part to read the words and in the fifth part, to say the colors of the words. In the Stroop test form, the time points are calculated for each section from the “start” command to the completion of the last item of the card, and the number of errors and corrections within this period for each section is obtained (Kılıç et al. 2002).
The Effects of Coding the Location of Individual Objects in a Normative Sample of Rorschach Data
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020
Benjamin A. Berry, Gregory J. Meyer
Current guidelines for coding inkblot location on the Rorschach obscure data about locations that are included in multiobject W responses, and to a lesser extent objects in D locations that are embedded in larger D locations. This study identified these embedded locations and provides the key results in Table 2, with Table 4 (showing changes for objects embedded in W locations) and Table 6 (showing changes for objects in D or Dd locations embedded in larger D locations) illustrating the way these data are differentially organized relative to conventional coding. The pattern of changes in location frequency that emerge when coding individual response objects appears consistent with the broader tendency for inkblot locations to be used according to visual coherence, as determined by contours and color (e.g., Exner, 1996). Thus, coding the location of individual objects augments an understanding of card pull. At the protocol level, this coding change results in small but reliable increases in WD, and medium to large increases in D and Dd scores. At the level of individual locations, the visual meaningfulness of those few locations that respondents most typically use as part of a symmetrical pair becomes newly apparent. The most notable of these are the Dd22 location on Card VII and the currently unnumbered location that consists of half of Card II.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Caspase
- Death Domain
- Death Effector Domain
- Inflammation
- Protein
- Apoptosis
- Short Linear Motif
- Death Fold
- Pyrin Domain
- Toll-Like Receptor