Hallucinogenic Agents
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors are known: CB1 and CB2.1.CB1 is expressed mainly in brain, particularly in the olfactory bulb, cortical regions (neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala), basal ganglia, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, cerebellar cortex, and brainstem nuclei. CB1 receptors are also located in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Their presence in these tissues accounts for the variety of physiologic effects noted with marijuana consumption.2.CB2 receptors are primarily expressed on immune cells, predominantly T-cells, macrophages, and B-cells, and in hematopoietic cells. They are also expressed in keratinocytes, on peripheral nerve terminals, and in mouse preimplantation embryos and have been implicated in mediating nociception.* In brain, they are mainly presented by microglial cells, the role of which is not pharmacologically clear.
The Relaxation System Theoretical Construct
Len Wisneski in The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
There are actually three receptor subtypes, designated CB1, CB1A, and CB2, for the cannabinoid receptor (see Axelrod and Felder, 1998; Felder and Glass, 1998; Matsuda, 1997, for reviews). CB1 receptors are largely expressed in the nervous system, and CB2 receptors are expressed in the lymphoid organs (Hajos et al., 2001). Sometimes different endogenous cannabinoid ligands respond in discrete ways to the CB1 and CB2 receptors. For example, anandamide suppresses norepinephrine release at the CB1 receptor, but another endogenous ligand, sn-2 arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), increases the release of norepinephrine (Kurihara et al., 2001). The CB1 receptor can exhibit the same action or function with more than one ligand, such as modulation of food intake (Di Marzo et al., 2001).
Applied physiology of nociception
Pamela E Macintyre, Suellen M Walker, David J Rowbotham in Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Our understanding of the activity of cannabis started with the isolation and synthesis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, its main psychoactive constituent. Two subtypes of the cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, have been identified and cloned.30 Synthetic cannabinoids have been described and an endocannabinoid system identified (anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol).55, 56, 57 The potential antinociceptive action of cannabinoids is now well demonstrated in animal studies and in some clinical trials. More studies are necessary to fully appreciate the analgesic potential of cannabinoids in humans.58 The mechanisms of action for cannabinoid antinociception include both spinal and supraspinal actions,59 as well as a more recently recognized peripheral mechanism. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors have been identified in the spinal cord and on primary afferent neurons, where they are ideally located to modulate dorsal horn neuron activity. Evidence suggests that cannabinoids and endocannabinoids may act on spinal interneurons to modulate the release of neurotransmitters and thus pain transmission. Finally, cannabinoid CB2 receptors have been found in the immune system and participate in the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids.60
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Rick Csiernik, Maeghan Pirie
The endocannabinoid system is a complicated biological system involved in regulating movement, mood, memory, appetite, fertility, pain, and physiological homeostasis. It consists of cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are active throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Two endogenous molecules that activate the endocannabinoid system have been found. The first, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), occurs in peripheral tissues, while anandamide (Sanskrit for ‘supreme joy’) is a neurotransmitter. The psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), mimics the actions of anandamide, whereas the main therapeutic component of cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), mimics 2-AG (Mechoulan & Parker, 2013). Data from the past 20 years indicates that the endocannabinoid system plays a role in modulating the human sleep-wake cycle and can play a part in the decrease in sleep disturbance or insomnia through the restoration of sleeping and dreaming through the regulation of how this occurs is not yet fully understood (Kesner & Lovinger, 2020; Prospéro-García et al., 2016).
CB2R agonist prevents nicotine induced lung fibrosis
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda, Katarzyna Chłapek, Michał K. Zarobkiewicz, Marta Lis-Sochocka, Patrycja Chylińska-Wrzos, Anna Boguszewska-Czubara, Mirosław A. Sławiński, Anna Franczak, Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych, Grażyna Biała
There are two known types of cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R. The CB1 receptor is predominantly located in the central nervous system and is responsible for the addicting properties of cannabinoids and other drugs of abuse such as opioids, ethanol, cocaine and nicotine.1 The CB1 receptor also participates in nociceptive transmission, motor activity, learning, anxiolytic response, memory processes and emotional responses.2,3 In the brain, the CB2 receptor is located in the endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes and neurons of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, striatum, amygdalia and brain stem, and it probably has a role in several mental disorders and in the rewarding properties of nicotine and cocaine.4,5 Apart from the brain, both cannabinoid receptors are located within the immune cells dispersed within the body. CB2 receptor has been observed in the thymus, tonsils, bone marrow and spleen.1,6 Its expression has been reported in the B lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils.7 CB1R has been observed on alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and bleomycin-induced mouse model of PF.8 Moreover, CB1R expression has been described in the different places of the liver, hepatocytes, stellate cells and hepatic vascular endothelial cells.9
Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Jennifer Clay Cather, J. Christian Cather
The two major endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) are anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). They function as retrograde messengers derived from postsynaptic nerve fibers and thereby regulate neuronal transmission. They interact with presynaptic cannabinoid receptors (Figure 1) to regulate basic functions including mood, memory, appetite, pain, itch, and sleep. Anandamide was discovered in 1992. Its name comes from the Sanskrit word ananda meaning bliss, referring to its unique effects on the mind and body. In 1995, 2-AG was discovered and found at higher concentrations in the brain, while anandamide is found at higher concentrations in other areas of the body. Both endocannabinoids can bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors, but they differ in their affinities for these receptors. Endocannabinoids are transient neurotransmitters, meaning they are synthesized on demand; after being released, they are quickly broken down by two enzymes: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cannabis
- Chemical Synthesis
- Endocannabinoid System
- Ligand
- Tetrahydrocannabinol
- Cell Membrane
- Cannabinoid
- Receptor
- G Protein-Coupled Receptor
- Hu-210