Candida
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Yeasts of the genus Candida belong to the Eucaryota domain, Fungi kingdom, Ascomycota Cavalier-Smith phyla, Saccharomycotina subphyla (Figure 43.1). This subphyla contains Saccharomycetes G. Winter class and Saccharomycetales Kudryavtsev order consisting of 16 families, two of which diverged about 170 million years ago.2,3 The Saccharomycetaceae family contains the Saccharomyces-type genus (including species for which the whole genome has been duplicated) known as the WGD clade (whole genome duplication). While the Saccharomycetales incertea sedis family contains a subgroup known as CTG clade, wherein the yeasts unusually recognize the codon CTG as a serine instead of leucine and can be further varied depending on the presence of a sexual or cryptic reproduction cycle. This clade includes most of the yeasts of the genus Candida.2
A Review on L-Asparaginase
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Collagenase aids in the treatment of burns and skin ulcers. It helps to lyse and remove dead skin and dead tissue, thereby helping the repair mechanism. This ultimately improves the action of antibiotics to work better in improving the individual’s healing process (Ostlie et al., 2012). Lipase helps in the treatment of digestive disorders. By activating the tumor necrosis factor, they can be used in the treatment of malignant tumors. Disorders like dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disturbances and digestive allergies are treated with lipase enzymes. Lipase obtained from Candida rugosa is used to produce lovastatin, a drug that has the ability to decrease serum-level cholesterol. The hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid ester is a key intermediate in the production of diltiazem hydrochloride. It is more commonly used as a coronary vasodilator and is synthesized from Serratia marcescens lipase.
Hydrolytic Enzymes for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Atenolol is a cardioselective β-blocker used in the treatment various diseases including angina, high blood pressure and myocardial infections (Scheme 9.22). The resolution through selective modification of its hydroxyl function has been possible by using different hydrolases including CAL-B (Lund et al., 2016), Candida rugosa lipase (CRL, Sikora et al., 2016), Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (Agustian et al., 2016) or even Candida antarcticalipase type A immobilised as crosslinking enzyme aggregates (Dwivedee et al., 2015). Halogenated precursors have led to better activities in comparison with the racemic Atenolol, so the kinetic resolution of adequate intermediates seems to be the most effective approach. The use of the organic solvent is highly dependent on the enzymatic source, finding vinyl acetate, vinyl butanoate or isopropenyl acetate as the more appropriate activated esters. Similarly, the kinetic resolution of racemic 1-chloro-3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol has been successfully achieved using the PFL and vinyl acetate for the production of a Metoprolol intermediate (Soni et al., 2017). Lipase-catalysed resolution of Atenolol precursors using different activated esters.
Scalp infection by Candida Albicans in an immunocompetent patient: a description of a rare case
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2018
Maria Caterina Fortuna, Valentina Garelli, Giulia Pranteda, Marta Carlesimo, Andrea D’Arino, Alfredo Rossi
In humans microbial cells greatly outnumber host cells. Candida is a large genus of yeast, consisting of about 150 species, among which C.albicans is the most prevalent. Candida yeasts asymptomatically colonize many areas of the body, in fact they usually reside in the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, conjunctiva and skin of 30-70% of healthy individuals. Even though C. albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen, more than 20 species are of clinical importance and can cause infection when the host becomes debilitated or immunocompromised. Candida spp. overgrowth can cause a wide range of infections.1 The initial response of the innate immune system to Candida is determined by the recognition of fungal cell wall components by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on the surface of innate immune cells. Invasive disease occurs when C.albicans crosses tissue surfaces. Hyphae are more effective in causing epithelial damage than yeast form. The damage is produced by lytic enzymes.2
Long-term consequences of sexually transmitted infections on men’s sexual function: A systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2021
The overall number of the retrieved articles reflects the global number of infections with the relevant pathogen and their importance. As chlamydial infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease, as expected, the majority (n= 20) of the articles dealt with Chlamydia trachomatis or related pathogens, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (n = 7), Mycoplasma spp. (n = 5) and Ureaplasma spp. (n = 5). Other pathogens were Treponema pallidum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spec. Five articles investigated the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. In the group of the viruses, SARS-CoV-2 and HPV were most investigated (n = 5), followed by herpes simplex virus (HSV; n = 3), whereas all other viruses (Zika virus [ZIKV], HBV, hepatitis C virus [HCV], cytomegalovirus [HCMV] and adeno-associated virus [AAV]) were only mentioned in the article. The fungus Candida spp. was mentioned in one article.
Role of IgA in the early-life establishment of the gut microbiota and immunity: Implications for constructing a healthy start
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Jielong Guo, Chenglong Ren, Xue Han, Weidong Huang, Yilin You, Jicheng Zhan
Prolonged antibiotic therapy (≥ 5 days) is usually employed to prevent group B Streptococcus-induced early-onset sepsis, while it is associated with the development of LOS.118 Infections caused by Gammaproteobacteria members E. coli and K. pneumonia, Staphylococcus spp., and fungi, such as Candida spp., which is commonly seen after antibiotic administration, is implicated in the development of LOS in preterm infants.75,119,120 Therefore, antibiotic-induced dysbiosis may contribute to the development of LOS. Since SIgA in the gut is closely related to the clearance of Gammaproteobacteria,22 the enhancement of IgA function may contribute to the management of LOS. In addition to LOS, as discussed above, preterm infants are at risk of developing NEC, a deadly disease associated with exclusive formula-feeding and deficient IgA response, which may be prevented by enhancing IgA function.5
Related Knowledge Centers
- Candida Albicans
- Candidiasis
- Commensalism
- Fungal Infection
- Mucous Membrane
- Opportunistic Infection
- Yeast
- Immune System
- Endosymbiont
- Gut Microbiota