Morphoregulatory Role Of Hydroxyproline-Containing Proteins In Liverworts
R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla in Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
The next question addressed was what could explain the observation that by impairing the structure-function of this morphoregulatory Hyp-protein there resulted such apparently diverse developmental changes as a prolonged diffuse growth of protonemata,7 a continued growth of otherwise suppressed ventral leaf primordia,7,27-30 and increased branching.7,27-30 Our reasoning was, and remains, that if the impaired function of a Hyp-protein is to permit continued growth, then the unimpaired function is to suppress further growth. When viewed in this way, the morphoregulation of such diverse aspects of morphogenesis as protonemal, leaf, and branch development becomes comprehensible. The Hyp-proteins we are investigating do not specifically function to regulate organogenesis. Rather, they have a more general and basic function. They appear to be part of a correlative control system that acts to stop further growth of any part of a developing plant at times and places characteristic for a species.
Developmental Aspects of the Alveolar Epithelium and the Pulmonary Surfactant System
Jacques R. Bourbon in Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Grossly, ECM is formed of fibrous proteins (collagens and elastin), proteoglycans, themselves containing a core protein and various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and cell adhesion proteins. Basement membrane is characterized by the specific presence of collagen IV and also contains proteoglycans and cell adhesion proteins such as laminin and fibronectin. Both epithelial and interstitial cells appear to participate in the construction of basement membrane.76 On a general manner, ECM components are considered as mediators of cell-cell interactions in organogenesis.77–79 GAGs especially appear to play a major role in branching morphogenesis.79 Produced mostly by epithelial cells, they maintain the morphology of the epithelial structures.80 The interstitial cells remodel ECM through degradation of GAGs.81 They can either stabilize or weaken basement membrane by modifying its GAG content, thus allowing changes in morphology.82 High GAG turnover has effectively been observed in areas of active epithelial branching.83 These mechanisms appear to be implicated in the branching process of the bronchial tree.82
Articular Cartilage Development
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi in Articular Cartilage, 2017
Morphogenesis and Morphogens: Morphogenesis is the developmental process of pattern formation and body plan establishment that culminates in the adult form of the whole human body, including component tissues and organs, such as articular cartilage and joints. Morphogens are extracellularly secreted proteins governing morphogenesis during development. They comprise four evolutionarily conserved protein families: bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), hedgehog proteins (HHs), and wingless and int-related proteins (Wnts). These morphogen families exhibit redundant and reiterative signaling with distinct spatial and temporal expression during initiation of morphogenesis, including pattern formation, body plan establishment, bilateral symmetry, and attendant cytodifferentiation.
Congenital alacrima
Published in Orbit, 2022
Zhenyang Zhao, Richard C. Allen
Branching morphogenesis is a key embryonic process for developing the tree-like architecture of multiple organs including lacrimal and salivary glands. Mesenchymal expression of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is necessary for lacrimal gland development through interaction with its ligand, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), localized to the epithelium.63 Allelic heterogeneity of FGF10 mutations cause both aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands (ALSG) and lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome. Additional causative mutations in FGFR2 or FGFR3, are also identified in LADD,64 which covers a wider spectrum of malformations, including the dental, auditory, and digital abnormalities. Both conditions follow an autosomal dominant inheritance. Involvement of the lacrimal excretory apparatus is frequently reported, including hypoplastic or aplasia of puncta, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and dacryocystocele.29,30,32 Oculofacial features such as telecanthus, hypertelorism and congenital ptosis are found in LADD but absent in ALSG.
A computational framework to simulate bio-printed cells and extracellular matrix mechanobiochemical interactions
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A. Douillet, C. Douillet, M. Garcia, M. Nicodem, F. Guillemot, P. Ballet
Controlled bio-fabrication of biological tissues requires the consideration of complex mechanobiochemical mechanisms involved in cell self-organization. Despite the progress in understanding the principles that underlie morphogenesis at the organ level, we have yet to understand it at the tissue ‘building block’ level: the cells. We aim to develop a computational framework to study tissue morphogenesis through a large spectrum of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in two or three dimensions, with a micrometer resolution. To verify our models, simulations are designed to be compared with time-lapse acquisitions of bio-printed cells and ECM. With the conjunction of computational models and bio-printing techniques, we think we can facilitate the investigation of the effects of numerous parameters (cell and ECM initial patterns, ECM remodelling, maturation medium, ECM stiffness).
Expression and role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in tissue regeneration: a study of hypoxia in house gecko tail regeneration
Published in Organogenesis, 2019
Titta Novianti, Vetnizah Juniantito, Ahmad Aulia Jusuf, Evy Ayu Arida, Sri Widia A. Jusman, Mohamad Sadikin
Day 13 marked the beginning of the true regeneration phase. The connective tissue in the dermis layer was denser, and there were some ganglion neuronal cells, new blood vessels, new muscle cells, and new adipose tissue. On days 17 and 21, the dermis and adipose tissues continued to become was denser and more compact. The endothelial cells in the dermis layer grew larger and the basal laminal cells became more active and proliferated, forming an epithelial layer. Fibroblast-like cells continued to spread in the connective tissue. Days 25–30 marked the maturation phase. On day 25, red cells were found in the blood vessels. On day 30, tissue regeneration process continue to morphogenesis process and formed a bulge along the edge of the tail. The dermis and connective tissue layers were again more compact, and the tail’s regeneration was marked as being complete (Fig. 3).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biological Process
- Cell Growth
- Regeneration
- Tissue
- Cellular Differentiation
- Stem Cell
- Cancer
- Homeostasis
- Cell
- Developmental Biology