Infection prevention and control
Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale in Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood and body fluid spillages pose significant cross-infection risks, so they must be dealt with immediately and appropriately – check your local policy. The following processes are recommended in Appendix 9 of the HPS National Infection Prevention and Control Manual (http://www.nipcm.hps.scot.nhs.uk/): Urine/faeces/vomit/sputum. Initially, soak up and remove gross contamination/spillage with paper towels. Do not use allow chlorine-releasing agents to come into direct contact with urine as this may generate chlorine fumes; decontaminate the area with a combined detergent/chlorine-producing solution of 1000 ppm av Cl. Leave the solution for 3 min or as per manufacturer’s recommendations.Blood/other body fluids including cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, synovial, amniotic, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk and other body fluids with visible blood. Apply chlorine-releasing granules to the spill or use disposable towels soaked with a solution of 10,000 ppm av Cl. Leave the solution for 3 min or as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and then dispose of the waste.
Aids and Hepatitis
T.M. Craft, P.M. Upton in Key Topics In Anaesthesia, 2021
Staff. High risk body fluids are blood, amniotic fluid, vaginal secretions, semen, breast milk, CSF, peritoneal, pleural, pericardial and synovial fluid. Saliva in association with dentistry, and unfixed organs and tissues also are classified as high risk and may transmit the virus. It is presently considered unethical to test all patients for evidence of HIV infection prior to surgery. ‘Universal precautions’ which assume that all patients maybe infected are recommended. Identical precautions are taken with other bloodborne infective agents, e.g. hepatitis B, and their success suggests that they are likely to be equally effective against the less infective HIV virus. Other precautions include the use of gloves when there is any risk of contact with infective body fluids, the wearing of masks and protective glasses when infective fluids may become airborne and gowns if there is any chance of being splashed. If contact with body fluids occurs the affected part should be washed immediately. Open or exudative wounds should be covered and contact with potentially infective fluids avoided. To reduce the risk of needle stick injuries, needles are immediately disposed of in a suitable container. They are not resheathed, or passed from one person to another. The risk of seroconversion following a needle stick injury is 0.3%. Post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir is given as soon as possible (within 1-2 hours) after exposure and continued for 4 weeks.
Functions of the Kidneys and Functional Anatomy
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
The primary function of the kidneys is the regulation of fluid and electrolyte composition of the body. The kidneys have a high blood flow, and from this, a very large volume (180 L/day) of ultrafiltrate of plasma is produced in the renal corpuscles (glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule). This large glomerular filtrate is necessary for the excretion of waste products of metabolism in the urine. The filtrate passes along the nephron, where the specific processes of tubular reabsorption and secretion occur. Most of the filtered fluid is reabsorbed. The proximal tubule alone reabsorbs 60% of the water and sodium filtered into Bowman's capsule, and the normal urine volume is only 1.5 L/day. Substances can also be removed from the peritubular capillary blood into the nephron lumen by specific tubular secretory mechanisms; many drugs are handled in this way. The final volume and composition of urine are modulated to maintain normal body fluid and electrolyte balance by factors governing the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. The kidneys have an integral role in the long-term regulation of body water and electrolyte composition, and therefore renal function is an important determinant of the long-term regulation of blood volume and arterial blood pressure.
Relationship between maternal ABO blood groups and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study in Dongguan, China
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Jing-Yun Yu, Bi Jiang, Xin-Jian Zhang, Si-Si Wei, Wei-Chao He
The ABO blood groups, discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900, include four major ‘ABO’ phenotypes—‘A’, ‘B’, ‘O’ and ‘AB’ (Huang et al. 2017). ABO blood types are the most important blood groups in medicine and are defined by the carbohydrate moiety displayed on the surface of red blood cells and attached to the precursor H substance (Huang et al. 2017). In addition to red blood cells, blood group antigens can also be found on white blood cells, some tissues, plasma proteins, platelets and various cell surface enzymes, and even in body fluids (Abegaz 2021). Correlations between blood type and some diseases may exist because of the presence of blood group antigens. In 1953, it was first reported that there is a statistically significant association between blood type A and the risk of gastric cancer (Aird et al. 1953). Since then, research on the relationship between blood types and diseases has been continuous. Various studies on the correlation between specific blood types and various infectious and non-infectious diseases have been reported (Chen et al. 2016; Abegaz 2021).
Isolated monkeypox genital lesions
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2023
Mohamad Abou Chakra, Igor Duquesne, Ahmad Bou Yassine, Elie Hanna, Nicolas Barry Delongchamps, Moutassem Jida, Michael Peyromaure
A rapidly emerging outbreak of monkeypox infection in over 20 countries in Europe, North and South America and the Middle East commenced in May 2022 [1]. The transmission of the monkeypox virus can occur via respiratory secretions, such as respiratory droplets, or through direct contact with mucocutaneous lesions. The virus can also be transmitted through direct contact with body fluids during sexual relations [2]. The current outbreak of monkeypox infections has specific characteristics: it occurs in the men who have sex with men community; known contact is mostly sexual [3]. Patrocinio-Jesus and Perizzu [4] reported the first case of genital monkeypox in Europe. It was the case of a 31-year-old man with a well-controlled infection with the human immunodeficiency virus who presented with painless genital rash 3 weeks after condomless intercourse with a new male partner. Two weeks after his presentation, the patient’s lesions had abated without specific intervention.
Phycocyanin improved alcohol-induced hepatorenal toxicity and behavior impairment in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Boukari Oumayma, Khemissi Wahid, Ghodhbane Soumaya, Tebourbi Olfa, Khemais Ben Rhouma, Sakly Mohsen, Hallegue Dorsaf
The kidney is the main body organ which maintains body fluids homeostasis by reabsorption of electrolytes and minerals, alteration of this process causes impairment in renal functions. It has been shown that increased ROS production during the metabolism process of ethanol, specifically the superoxide generation by activating the NADPH oxidase causes such damage (do Vale et al.2017). Moreover, alcohol can also interfere with the proximal tubular cells function and decreases the Na+/K + ATPase activity which leads to functional disturbances (Das Kumar and Vasudevan 2008). In the present study, EtOH group showed a significant increase in creatinine and urea serum levels in comparison to control group which underlies a nephrotoxicity. These changes have been reversed by phycocyanin co-administration (50 mg/kg). Our data are in line with an earlier study showing that oral administration of phycocyanin (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) for 7 days could ameliorate potassium dichromate-induced renal injury evidenced by a decrease in creatinine and urea nitrogen blood levels (Salama et al.2021).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Water
- Body Weight
- Extracellular Fluid
- Lymph
- Vein
- Blood Vessel
- Artery
- Blood Plasma
- Body
- Body Weight
- Fluid Compartments