Clinical Detection of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents *
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The final method for the analysis of blood samples to be discussed targets blood proteins in a more general approach. It was previously shown that HD adducts of glutamic and aspartic acids to keratin could be cleaved using base (Noort et al., 2000a). Using a similar approach, precipitated proteins from plasma, whole blood, or RBCs were treated with base to liberate the HD moiety from adducted glutamic and aspartic acid residues within the protein in the form of TDG. On release, TDG was derivatized and analyzed using negative ion CI GC-MS. The LOD for the assay in plasma was 25 nM as determined using in vitro exposures of HD in human plasma (Capacio et al., 2004). This method was further improved by inclusion of a concentration step, addition of solid sodium bicarbonate to neutralize excess derivatization reagent, and optimization of instrument conditions (Capacio et al., 2008; Lawrence et al., 2008).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman in Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Remarkably, blood itself can serve as an effective contrast agent. Blood in the circulatory system picks up fresh oxygen as it passes through the lungs. The heart then pumps the blood through the arteries to supply body tissues with the oxygen needed to convert food into energy. Finally, the oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart via the veins. The blood protein hemoglobin, responsible for ferrying oxygen throughout the body, contains an iron atom that binds oxygen. The magnetic properties of this iron atom depend substantially upon whether the hemoglobin is bound to oxygen (oxyhemoglobin, which is not paramagnetic), or is not bound to oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin, which is paramagnetic). Arterial blood fresh from the lungs is 95% oxyhemoglobin, while blood returning in the veins has only 70% oxyhemoglobin. Similarly, stagnant blood largely contains deoxyhemoglobin.
Gastrointestinal Tract as a Major Route of Pharmaceutical Administration
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Water-soluble substances usually remain in the blood and interstitial space. Acidic substances tend to bind to various blood protein components such as albumin. On the other hand, lipid-soluble substances tend to collect in adipose tissue and rather than rendering it inactive tend to extend the effect of the substance due to the storage depot effect of these substances. Some other substances are tightly bound to liver and kidney tissues. Equilibrium between blood and the target tissue is reached more rapidly in highly vascularized areas than in poorly perfused areas. At equilibrium, substance concentrations in tissues and in extracellular fluids are reflected by the plasma concentration (Doogue and Polasek, 2013; Smith et al., 2015; Bourne, 2017; Kimball, 2018). The equilibrium pattern of distribution between the various compartments (described below) will depend upon: The permeability across tissue barriersBinding within compartmentspH partitionFat:water partition.
Genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies show that pulmonary embolism is associated with bone-forming proteins
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Ruoyang Feng, Mengnan Lu, Yanni Yang, Pan Luo, Lin Liu, Ke Xu, Peng Xu
Isoprostane-8 and GDF-15 have recently been shown to be associated with prothrombotic conditions and could be used as new markers for post-PE syndrome [9]. The artificial neural network approach that integrates plasma proteomics and genetic data has identified PLXNA4 as a new susceptibility locus for PE [10]. Plasma proteins (also known as blood proteins) are a group of more than 3,600 proteins in blood plasma that are associated with functions such as signal transduction, transport, repair, and prevention of infections [11]. Certain plasma proteins are associated with the development of PE and contribute to both PE and deep vein embolism [12]. However, studies that fully explore the genetic association between PE and human plasma proteins are limited. Our current study, in which we investigated the relationships between PE and 3,283 human plasma proteins, is novel in this respect.
Proteogenomic biomarkers in colorectal cancers: clinical applications
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Margherita Binetti, Augusto Lauro, Samuele Vaccari, Maurizio Cervellera, Valeria Tonini
The continuous research of new CRC biomarkers represents the effort to develop noninvasive tests in order to be used in the algorithm of the disease management [30]. In this context, blood proteins represent an ideal source, but biological markers could also be detected in other patients’ tissues. The cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) and the circulating tumor cells (CTCs), for example, can be studied using the liquid biopsy technique, and they both present diagnostic and prognostic clinical roles [3]. Among the noninvasive exams, stool tests should also be mentioned, and the detection of SEPT9, NDRG4, and SDC2 DNA-methylation has been proposed [31]. The use of stool samples for early detection is based on the principle that neoplastic cells are continuously eliminated in the intestinal lumen, mixing with stool [31].
Lipoplexes and polyplexes as nucleic acids delivery nanosystems: The current state and future considerations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Bruno Costa, Beatriz Boueri, Claudia Oliveira, Isabel Silveira, Antonio J. Ribeiro
A nanosystem that passive targets tissues rely on blood vessel permeability, superior in tumors due to the abnormally induced angiogenesis, a phenomenon known as the enhanced permeability and retention effect or EPR for short [21]. But when designing a non-viral vector with active targeting, blockage of the targeting ligand (e.g. transferrin and antibodies) by molecules adsorbed onto the surface needs to be accounted for as it may affect its capability to bind to the target receptors, ultimately affecting its biodistribution [22]. Moreover, the existence of the protein corona seems to play a crucial role in the hemolytic and thrombogenic occurrences [23]. Specific blood protein recruitment to the non-viral vector’s surface can provide them with a unique biological identity, thus affecting their biodistribution. The properties of a targeting lipoplex, composed of conventional LPNs, upon incorporation of a component, designated as the SORT molecule, to adsorb plasma proteins were altered, thus establishing a paradigm for optimizing the design of organ-specific RNA delivery [24].
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