A Review on L-Asparaginase
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Marine microbes have extremely supreme power forr human health, welfare and environment. In the regulation of Earth’s climate, microbes play a vital role by their abundance and diversity. They help in the production and release of carbon products particularly CO2 and CH4. The multifaceted quality of marine microorganisms providesthe essential requirements of our society. They ensure oxygen, food, and the fitness of the marine environment. They also provide for a maximum unique source of genomic information and biomolecules that can be used in medical and industrial applications. Thus, the employment of marine microorganisms in the production of antibiotics, antitumor compounds and enzymes and the role of bioremediation has unlocked a new episode for the profit of humankind (Roychowdhury et al., 2018).
Lipidomics in Human Cancer and Malnutrition
Qiu-Xing Jiang in New Techniques for Studying Biomembranes, 2020
Of the ten leading causes of death, cancer is the deadliest form of public health problem in the United States and worldwide.53 In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths were projected to occur in the United States.53 Currently, there is no efficient and safe treatment option for the management of cancer. Lipids, an important class of biomolecules, play critical roles during tumor initiation and disease progression.15 They are involved in diverse oncogenic functions such as transformation of normal epithelial cells to tumorigenic cells, disruption of normal tissue architecture,54 cell migration,55 cell invasion,56 etc., and act as homing signals for tumor cells, angiogenesis,57 metastasis, and drug resistence.15,58 Therefore, LC-HRMS-based lipidomic studies have gained significant attraction regarding the discovery of potential lipid biomarkers for early cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and new treatments.
Disease Prediction and Drug Development
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam in Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Genomics is related to the study of structure and function of genes and proteins. It is also about gene-to-protein translation. A gene is a sequence of four types of biomolecules called nucleotides: “A” (adenosine), “G” (guanine), “C” (cytosine) and “T” (thymine). Genes have a double-helical strand. Both strands are complementary to each other: The nucleotide “A” binds to the nucleotide “T” using two hydrogen bonds; the nucleotide “G” binds to the nucleotide “C” using three hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen ion (proton) and a negatively charged ion or molecule such as hydroxyl ion (OH−). A lot of energy is required to break these bonds. In higher organisms, genes are packed into a chromosome, and many chromosomes make a genome.
Application of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Mohadeseh Barzin, Amir Mohammad Bagheri, Mandana Ohadi, Amir Masoud Abhaji, Soodeh Salarpour, Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh
Proteins are macro-biomolecules composed of amino acid residues and perform a wide variety of functions, including DNA replication, stimuli responding, transferring molecules, and catalyzing metabolic reactions (Whitford 2013; Fuxreiter and Vendruscolo 2021). Suharta et al. (2021) revealed that PELNs have a low concentration of protein; Further, most proteins in PELNs are cytosolic proteins, including proteases, actin, and membrane proteins that act as transporters within the membrane. However, determining a complete protein profile inside PELNs is challenging due to various sets of protein databases in different plants (Suharta et al. 2021; Woith et al. 2021). For instance, Ju et al. (2013) identified 580 proteins of lemon-derived exosomes. On the other hand, compared to exosomes extracted from animal cells, PELNs have lower protein content. Somehow, mammalian-derived exosomes contain more than 1000 proteins, whereas plant exosomes derived from ginger have only 28 proteins (Raimondo et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016; Salek et al. 2020; Suharta et al. 2021). Moreover, it should be noted that proteins are assumed to play a critical role in interspecies recognition within the plant and mammalian cells (Song et al. 2020; Nemati et al. 2022). For example, lectin proteins, which have a high specific affinity for saccharides and are abundantly found in some plant-derived exosomes such as garlic and mushrooms, are supposed to be the primary interspecies communication mediators between these exosomes and mammalian cells (Song et al. 2020).
Development of QSAR models for in silico screening of antibody solubility
Published in mAbs, 2022
Xuan Han, James Shih, Yuhao Lin, Qing Chai, Steven M. Cramer
The aim of this study was to develop in silico screening tools of mAb solubility. Using a QSAR modeling approach, regression, and classification models were developed to provide quantitative or qualitative projections of mAb solubilities, and our top models have the potential to be used for screening mAb relative solubility at early discovery. Finally, interpretation of the models was carried out to provide mechanistic insights into the mAb solubility behavior and our results indicated that isotype and Fab charge-based descriptors were important, particularly for the IgG1 mAbs. While this work was successful in generating QSAR regression and classification models for a given set of conditions (normalized solubility data based on a PEG precipitation assay for a given set of mAbs), it would be difficult to extend these particular models to data outside of this set due to the effect of differences in: 1) the biomolecules, 2) the buffer conditions, and 3) the particular biophysical techniques used as a surrogate for solubility. To further improve model performance and applicability to a wider set of molecules and conditions, future work will focus on constantly updating the model as more experimental data becomes available with a wider range of mAbs. In addition, we will extend these efforts to alternative formulation conditions (buffers, pHs, additives) and also develop models for other important biophysical properties related to developability.
Isolation, characterisation and complement fixation activity of acidic polysaccharides from Argemone mexicana used as antimalarials in Mali
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Adama Dénou, Adiaratou Togola, Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen, Nastaran Moussavi, Frode Rise, Yuan Feng Zou, Dalen G. Dafam, Elijah I. Nep, Abubakar Ahmed, Taiwo E. Alemika, Drissa Diallo, Rokia Sanogo, Berit Smestad Paulsen
Currently, bioactive phytocompounds have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant and antidiabetic activities, UV protection, antiviral and hypoglycaemic activities, etc. (Ullah et al. 2019). Among these components, carbohydrates known as saccharides are molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can also be sulphated and contain amino sugars. Carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides represent the most abundant biomolecules and essential components of many natural products and have attracted the attention of researchers because of their numerous human health benefits (Ruocco et al. 2016). Malian antimalarial plants contain polysaccharides (Dénou et al. 2019). From the outcomes of the polysaccharide screening on antimalarial plants used in Mali, Argemone mexicana was selected for deep investigations of its bioactive polysaccharides.
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