The seven uninvited guests: ‘markets’, ‘risk’, ‘competition’, ‘customer’, ‘profit’, ‘price’ and ‘demand’
John Spiers, Philip Booth in Who Decides Who Decides?, 2018
In medicine, doctors tend to frame their interpretation of data in ways which promote procedures they prefer. Thus the emphasis on the role of biomedicine as the solution to health problems. This arises from what is well-known as the ‘framing effect’ – of how questions are put and data assessed. Often the data can be honourably interpreted in different ways but the biomedical answers have been preferred by doctors.13 Second, the conceptual tools are not always easy for the layperson to use. There is NNT: the number necessary to treat. There is the further concept of ‘the standard gamble’ – balancing the negative utility of a particular outcome against a risk of sudden death.14 There is then the notion of ‘time trade-off’, concerning the value of improvements by comparison with the amount of life expectancy an individual is prepared to forgo to achieve them.15
Reliable Biomedical Applications Using AI Models
Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma in Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Biomedicine is a diverse field that has applications in various domains. Technological advances in the medical and biological arenas have resulted in a massive amount of physiological and biological data, including protein sequences, genomics, electroencephalography, and medical images. The availability of increasingly large amounts of data has created a lot of opportunities for automated computer-aided diagnosis. However, as expected, it has also created a lot of challenging issues. A vast volume of unstructured data is available in an unorganized format. Storing, analyzing, and understanding this deluge of biological data requires effective and efficient computing methods [1], [2]. The examination and interpretation of the biomedical data also require skilled technicians and well-equipped laboratories. Further, manual examination of the data is time-consuming, tedious, and error prone. It has also been found that manual diagnosis and examination suffer from inter- and intra-observation variability among practitioners [3], [4]. Diagnostic, surgical, rehabilitative, clinical and predictive practices, decision making, and disease diagnosis are some of the key areas where automated technologies can help with early identification and treatment.
Working with health and illness beliefs in practice
Karen Holland in Cultural Awareness in Nursing and Health Care, 2017
It is important to remember to establish rapport with the patient and to ask these questions with sensitivity and care. After eliciting this information, Jackson (1993) advocates taking the following steps in order to negotiate a care plan. Explain the relevant points of biomedicine in simple and direct terms. This might involve explaining the cause, signs and symptoms and likely treatment for this particular illness. Although the information may seem alien to the patient, it may in fact be of value to him or her. It may be necessary to use interpreters at this stage.Openly compare the client's belief system with biomedicine. Point out the discrepancies, but give the client opportunities to ask questions and clarify terms, and to raise objections.
Neuroethics, Neuroscience, and the Project of Human Self-Understanding
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Liam G. McCoy, Connor Brenna, Felipe Morgado, Stacy Chen, Sunit Das
Biomedicine and neuroscience are both dedicated to developing our understanding of the human body and its function, with a shared interest in using knowledge to improve human life. These fields critically diverge, however, as a result of their focus of study. Questions that arise in biomedicine (and subsequently bioethics) are generally restricted to the domain of medical research and clinical action. While neuroscience has its analogues to these questions, its reach extends well beyond the confines of medical practice: the brain’s unique role in behavior engenders questions in a spectrum of fields with great societal consequence, such as neuro-politics, neuro-economics, and neuro-law (Farah 2012). Further, the place of the brain as the seat of human consciousness and phenomenological experience situates neuroscience at the center of what Chiong is referring to when describing “a broader project of human self-understanding,” irrespective of any practical implications for clinicians or researchers.
Ethical Principles in the Analysis of Prostate Cancer Diagnostics
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Mette Ebbesen, Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen, Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen, Svend Andersen
In the field of biomedicine, there are various approaches to ethical analysis. These include utilitarianism, deontology (based on duties), and virtue- and principle-based theories. In biomedical ethics, the ethical theory is often deductively applied to particular cases for ethical assessment (top-down models). However, biomedical cases are often complex, and cultural anticipations, estimated outcomes, etc. must be taken into account. This complexity is not reducible to a direct process of deduction from abstract and general ethical theory, cf. pp. 426–432 in Beauchamp and Childress (1). Here, we present an alternative, in which an open and reflective three-step analysis method developed by Ebbesen et al. (2,3) is used to identify ethically important features (i.e., features that raise ethical concerns) and ethical principles essential for prostate cancer diagnostics, and then argue which ethical theory justifies these ethical principles.
Expanding beyond individualism: Engaging critical perspectives on occupation
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2018
Alison J. Gerlach, Gail Teachman, Debbie Laliberte-Rudman, Rebecca M. Aldrich, Suzanne Huot
In alignment with individually focused neoliberal rationality, biomedicine emphasizes health, illness, and disability as individual experiences. While biomedical approaches play an important role in treating ill-health at the level of the individual, they fail to address how individuals’ and population groups’ health, quality of life, and longevity are impacted by multifaceted social and structural determinants [15]. Given the strengthening of neoliberal and biomedical perspectives in public institutions including healthcare and academia, opportunities for clinicians, researchers, and students to engage with the complexities of peoples’ lives are eroding [16]. Moreover, providing occupational therapy interventions that are informed by and responsive to individuals’ and population groups’ lived realities and priorities has become much more challenging in the current individually focused sociopolitical climate.
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