Bioenergetics
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
The rate of ATP use during different activities spans from very low (resting levels) to very high during maximum efforts. To replenish energy at different rates there are three basic energy systems that can be used. Although these energy systems operate simultaneously to replenish ATP, they have different maximum rates and capacities of ATP production. Energy is ultimately derived from food; however, only carbohydrates can produce energy without the direct use of oxygen. Therefore, during high-intensity exercise in which energy demand depends upon anaerobic mechanisms, the importance of carbohydrate metabolism should not be underestimated. It should be noted that while these systems are simultaneously and continually active, the degree to which any one of these systems is used depends primarily on the intensity of physical activity and secondarily on the duration (77). The three bioenergetics systems are: Phosphagen system (ATP-PCr system and the myokinase reaction).Glycolytic system (anaerobic/fast and aerobic/slow).Oxidative (aerobic) system.
General concepts for applied exercise physiology
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
In Chapter 2 energy and the forms it can take, such as chemical, heat or kinetic, were introduced. Energy is essential to cellular functioning and all chemical reactions within the body either require or release energy as they proceed. Also in Chapter 2 the first law of thermodynamics, the conservation of energy (energy cannot be created or destroyed only transformed from one form to another), was introduced. In the context of the first law of thermodynamics, the total energy of the system and its surroundings is constant. While energy might be lost from a system to the surroundings this energy is transferred rather than lost. Thermodynamics, the study of energy transfer, developed as a field of study during the 19th Century, as scientists began to examine the efficiency of steam engines. As heat was a primary aspect of the functioning of a steam engine this new physical science became known as thermodynamics. However, this field of study is now more commonly referred to as energetics because scientists are concerned with the dynamics of all forms of energy, not just heat. The study of energy dynamics in living organisms is called bioenergetics. In an exercise physiology context, a basic knowledge of the principles of bioenergetics is helpful for gaining a deeper understanding of energy transfer within anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
The Microbiome – Role in Personalized Medicine
David Perlmutter in The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
The understanding that the gut and the brain are in conversation with one another, and that this communication is influenced by the microbiome, has resulted in increasing interest in how this relationship affects the body’s metabolism. Recent progress has been made towards identifying the signaling networks through which the brain and the gastrointestinal system communicate about the regulation of food intake. This has resulted in a deeper understanding of how these processes influence metabolic functions governing cellular bioenergetics.31 This cross-talk among the gut, microbiome, and brain and the influence this network has on metabolism has been found to vary considerably between individuals.
Reproductive senescence and energetic metabolism of human luteinized granulosa cells: is it all about ATP? A prospective cohort and critical view
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Gustavo N. Cecchino, Alberto Pacheco, Juan A. García-Velasco
Cellular bioenergetics comprises complex biochemical and biophysical processes [33–35]. As proposed by Atkinson et al. [36], the energy charge accounts for AMP, ADP and ATP concentrations, and accurately reflects the energy status of cells. Normally, the turnover time of the intracellular ATP pool is of the order of a few seconds and the energy charge is maintained with a value that comes close to 0.9, despite oscillations in adenine nucleotide concentrations [37]. Studies on metabolic stress have shown that, unless energy stress is severe, cellular ATP levels remain fairly constant. However, a minimal drop in ATP concentration is accompanied by a significant increase in both ADP and AMP levels [33]. As AMP concentration is usually quite low and technically difficult to assess, the ADP/ATP ratio is considered the most relevant parameter to determine the energy status of a living cell [33–35].
Platelet biomechanics, platelet bioenergetics, and applications to clinical practice and translational research
Published in Platelets, 2018
Mitchell J. George, James Bynum, Prajeeda Nair, Andrew P. Cap, Charles E. Wade, Charles S. Cox, Brijesh S. Gill
Platelet bioenergetics refers to the production and consumption of energetic substrates. The primary avenues of energy production in platelets are glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (5). However, platelet bioenergetics is not a simple dichotomy of these two avenues. Platelets demonstrate an integrated energetic response to stimulation allowing metabolic plasticity between these two energetic avenues and with use of energetic substrates like glucose, fatty acids, or glutamine. A recent paper by Ravi et al. demonstrated that either primary metabolic avenue in dysfunctional platelets allows compensation by the other to respond to increased energy demands (6). The pentose phosphate pathway plays a minor role in platelet metabolism and is not significant in the overall energy production.
Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Paul S. Hwang, Steven B. Machek, Thomas D. Cardaci, Dylan T. Wilburn, Caelin S. Kim, Emiliya S. Suezaki, Darryn S. Willoughby
Aerobic exercise training is widely regarded as a potent modality through which there is an enhancement in physical performance and the conferring of health benefits that can instigate intramuscular adaptations to improve oxidative capacity, mitochondrial density, capillary density, resistance to fatigue, greater oxygen utilization and transportation, and subsequent elevations in mitochondrial function (1,2). Moreover, exercise-induced enhancements in mitochondrial function correspond to the efficiency at which it can regulate skeletal muscle function to improve muscular performance via the utilization of oxygen and the mediated delivery of electrons from reducing equivalents to allow for oxidative phosphorylation to occur for ATP generation (1). This continual generation of ATP is essential to skeletal muscle bioenergetics, especially in response to cellular stress such as exercise. Therefore, strategic approaches in exercise training to instigate mitochondrial biogenesis can be relevant toward the metabolic plasticity of skeletal muscle (3).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
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- Cellular Respiration
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- Molecule
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- Cell
- Adenosine Triphosphate
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