Bioenergetics
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
From a biological standpoint, energy is the ability or capacity to perform work. Energy can be conceptualized as either potential (stored) or kinetic (performing work). Various forms of energy exist; for example, elastic, nuclear, electromagnetic, mechanical, and chemical. Biochemical processes form the basis of metabolism and metabolic energy transformations are necessary for all activities accomplished by living systems. Indeed, the concepts of specificity of exercise and training depend to a great extent upon understanding underlying aspects of metabolism, energy use, and generation. Background knowledge of how energy is created for different types of exercises, and how specific types of training can modify energy production, can lead to more efficient and efficacious designs for training programs. Thus, a thorough understanding of bioenergetics and metabolism is necessary for sport scientists and coaches alike.
On Evaluation of Climate Models
Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Yulia R. Gel, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Thomas J. Miller, Nathaniel K. Newlands, Adam B. Smith in Evaluating Climate Change Impacts, 2020
Climate models are developed from the first principles of physics, like energy, mass, and momentum conservation. These principles translate to a complex system of mathematical formalizations under a variety of idealistic assumptions, for example, using numerous interrelated partial differential equations. Such complex systems of equations can only be solved using numeric methods, typically involving approximations over a discretized grid of space and time values. However, several natural processes are too complex and are not resolved by a discretized system of equations. Examples of such processes mentioned in Flato et al (2014) include biochemical processes in vegetation and cloud processes and turbulence. As a result, conceptual models or parameterizations of several physical, chemical, and biological processes are additionally required, further increasing complexity of the mathematical framework. In addition, some components of climate models are deterministic, while others are not (Gleckler et al,2008).
The Twentieth Century
Arturo Castiglioni in A History of Medicine, 2019
The orientation of scientific studies toward biochemical research was evident in many signal discoveries, which have marked a new trend in research and in therapy. Biochemistry is, among all branches of medicine, the one in which the most significant progress has been achieved, and its revelations have had a direct influence on the conception and treatment of disease. This age has been called the age of proteins and enzymes, and it may be asserted that chemical studies and experiments have been predominant in the evolution of medical science and practice. Just as fifty years ago the physician was accustomed to start first from a microbiological concept and to consider microorganisms as the most important or maybe the only causative agents of a great number of diseases, now the trend is changed and we are convinced that a no less important and perhaps a more important role is played by conditions and occurrences that are to be regarded as chemical processes.
Night shift work and osteoporosis among female blue-collar workers in Poland - a pilot study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Agnieszka Bukowska-Damska, Elzbieta Skowronska-Jozwiak, Pawel Kaluzny, Andrzej Lewinski, Beata Peplonska
Biochemical analyses were performed for auxiliary purposes. Estradiol concentration was determined to classify the study participants into two subgroups: premenopausal and postmenopausal. The subjects who had their last menstruation at least 6 months prior to the study and had estradiol concentration <30 pg/ml were classified as postmenopausal. The remaining women who reported regular menstruation or had estradiol concentration >30 pg/ml were classified as premenopausal. In the study population, 7 women (3.6%) had a history of both hysterectomy and ovariectomy and were classified as postmenopausal women. Moreover, four women (2.1%) with a history of both ovaries removed were also classified as postmenopausal women. The study participants who had undergone hysterectomy only (10 women, 5.2%) were classified into two groups based on estradiol concentration. All the surgical procedures reported were found to be carried out at least 3 years prior to the study.
Simple techniques to study multifaceted diabesity in the fly model
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Nibedita Nayak, Monalisa Mishra
Various biochemical processes occur within our body is known as metabolism. When metabolism is disrupted, cell losses the ability to utilize or store the energy (Huynh et al. 2016) resulting in an abnormal physiological conditions (Patel 2014). Various metabolic disorders occur due to faulty metabolism (Buettner et al. 2007; Froy 2010; Patel 2014; da Silva et al. 2014). Molecules like lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, and peptides (also known as metabolites) play a significant role in regulating the process of metabolism (Fiehn 2002). Thus, the analysis of metabolites reflects the physiological status of the cell (Tweeddale et al. 1998; Griffin 2003; Fernie et al. 2004). Abnormality in metabolites was reported in various diseases, like obesity (faulty lipid metabolism) (Després 1991), glutaric acid urea (fault in amino acid metabolism) (Goodman et al. 1975), or diabetes (error in glucose metabolism) (Giugliano et al. 2008). Thus, molecular profiling of metabolites helps us to understand the onset of the disease (Saghatelian and Cravatt 2005).
Enzymes and their turnover numbers
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Gary B. Smejkal, Srikanth Kakumanu
Other examples of the speed at which enzymes mediate biochemical reactions include DNA and protein synthesis. DNA synthesis occurs at a rate of 50 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes and nearly 1,000 nucleotides per second in some bacteria [9]. Human normoblasts, which comprise less than 0.2% of the total cell mass in the human body, collectively replicate about 4 kilometers of DNA every second [10]. This is nearly 12 times faster than the speed of sound, which travels 0.34 kilometers per second in air. This rate of DNA synthesis, if extrapolated for the entire human population in terms of total DNA length, would be able to trace the orbit of Pluto in just 1.3 seconds [10]. To put in perspective, Pluto has an orbital period of 247 years and it has completed only one-third its orbit around the sun since its discovery in 1930.