Affinity Modification — Organic Chemistry
Dmitri G. Knorre, Valentin V. Vlassov in Affinity Modification of Biopolymers, 1989
Epoxide groups contain a three-membered oxygen ring of general structure . As well as aziridines, epoxides can react with nucleophilic groups directly or via protonated intermediate formation. They can react at either of the carbon atoms of the ring. An example of an affinity reagent carrying an epoxide group is 2′,3′-epoxypropyl α-d-glucopyranoside100 which readily inactivates soybean β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2).
Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Amylases are enzymes that help to convert complex carbohydrates like starch into simple sugars. They are divided into three groups: alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and gamma-amylase. γ-amylase, is most effective in acidic conditions. Recently, researchers have discovered extracellular amylase-producing terrestrial bacteria like Saccharomycopsis, Arxula adeninivorans, Candida japonica, Saccharomycopsis, Lipomyces, Filobasidium capsuligenum, and Schwanniomyces.
Contact Urticaria, Dermatitis, and Respiratory Allergy Caused by Enzymes
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Generally not found in animal tissues, β-amylase is present in plant seeds and is produced by bacteria and fungi. Like its close relative α-amylase, it is used in baking as well as in beer brewing and liquor production. Sandiford et al. demonstrated by RAST the allergenicity of β-amylase in barley flour and its potential role in baker’s asthma.[46]
Formulation of Curcumin-β-cyclodextrin-polyvinylpyrrolidone supramolecular inclusion complex: experimental, molecular docking, and preclinical anti-inflammatory assessment
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mohammed Jafar, Mohammed Saifuddin Khalid, Mashael Fehaid Eid Aldossari, Mohd Amir, Fatima Ibrahim Alshaer, Fatima Ali Abdullah Adrees, Sadaf Jamal Gilani, Sultan Alshehri, Mohd. Zaheen Hassan, Syed Sarim Imam
The β-CD crystal structure was retrieved from the β-amylase/β-CD complex (Code:1BFN, Source: www.rcsb.org). The β-CD structure was extracted by selecting a β-CD subunit and removing amylase unit with water molecules, heteroatoms, and co-factors. AutoDock version 1.5.6 (La Jolla, CA, USA) was used to add missing hydrogen and to calculate Gasteiger charges and generate PDBQT files. The ligand CUR was drawn in Chem Draw Ultra version 6.0 assigned with proper 2D orientation. CUR energy was minimized by PM3 method using MOPAC program (http://OpenMOPAC.net) and saved into pdbqt format. The molecular docking was performed with Auto Dock tools (ADT) version1.5.6 (www.autodock.scrips.edu). The screening was done by Auto Dock 4.2.5.1 using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm and docking log (.dlg) was used to select the best binding conformation. The interaction was done by using PyMol (New York, USA) and discovery studio visualizer version 4.0 (California, USA).
Green and chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: effects on in-vitro seedlings and callus cultures of Silybum marianum and evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer potential
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Faryal Saeed, Muhammad Younas, Hina Fazal, Sadaf Mushtaq, Faiz ur Rahman, Muzamil Shah, Sumaira Anjum, Nisar Ahmad, Mohammad Ali, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Mean root length of control was recorded as 3.5 cm. NP1 showed inhibition of rooting (2.3 cm), which is in accordance with the results of Zafar et al. [32], showing inhibition of seed germination and root length treated with metallic ZnO-NPs and the reason recorded for shorter root length was the direct interaction of NPs with root and its accumulation in root tissues. G-ZNPs showed enhanced rooting and maximum root length was recorded for NP3 (4.3 cm), whereas, NP2 slightly improved the root length (3.7 cm) (Table 1). Similar trend was observed in case of shoot length where maximum shoot length (5.3 cm) was recorded for NP3 (Table 1). Due to enhanced rooting and shooting of seedlings subjected to NP3, it is obvious that maximum FW (220.4 g L−1) and DW (21.23 g L−1) were obtained for NP3 as well (Table 2). These results are similar to the previous report showing the maximum shoot length, root length, FW and DW of sesame seedlings observed in biologically synthesised ZnO-NPs-treated plants [33]. C-ZNPs showed adverse effects on root growth of several plant species like wheat, chickpea, radish, rape and rye grass [34–36]. Zinc is an important micronutrient, crucial for growth and development of plant. ZnO-NPs have been shown to stimulate the biosynthesis of PGRs, especially auxins and gibberellins, which in turn promote the seedling growth as well as length and yield of the plant [37]. Other studies suggest that ZnO-NPs play a key role in activation of enzymes like α- and β-amylase which stimulate metabolic reaction at germination stage [38].
A bivalent, bispecific Dab-Fc antibody molecule for dual targeting of HER2 and HER3
Published in mAbs, 2021
Alexander Rau, Katharina Kocher, Mirjam Rommel, Lennart Kühl, Maximilian Albrecht, Hannes Gotthard, Nadine Aschmoneit, Bettina Noll, Monilola A. Olayioye, Roland E. Kontermann, Oliver Seifert
Antibodies were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (4 µg) and stained with Coomassie-Brilliant Blue G-250. Purity and integrity of molecules (9–30 µg in 30 µl) was analyzed via SEC using a Waters 2695 HPLC in combination with a TSKgel SuperSW mAb HR column (822854, Sigma Aldrich) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min using 0.1 M Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4, 0.1 M Na2SO4, pH 6.7 as mobile phase. Standard proteins: thyroglobulin (669 kDa, RS 8.5 nm), β-amylase (200 kDa, RS 5.4 nm), bovine serum albumin (67 kDa, RS 3.55 nm), carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa, RS 2.35 nm). Stokes radii of antibodies were interpolated from standard proteins. The determination of the aggregation point of the antibody was performed using dynamic light scattering (ZetaSizer Nano ZS, Malvern). Approximately 100 µg of purified protein was diluted to a total volume of 1 ml and analyzed. The aggregation point was defined as the temperature at which the light scattering increased.