Contact Urticaria Syndrome from Foods and Food Derivatives
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Benzoic acid occurs naturally in some fruits such as cranberries or blueberries. Sodium benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. Sodium benzoate is widely used to delay yeast spoilage of acidic foods and beverages. Several clinical reports of adverse reactions to benzoate have been recorded with generalized urticaria and angioedema [67] or perioral contact urticaria from sodium benzoate from a toothpaste.[68]A case of occupational sensitization to benzoic acid was described, with anaphylaxis after eating food containing benzoic acid. [69]Contact urticaria was observed in 18 of 20 kindergarten children following the intake and accidental perioral application of a mayonnaise salad cream. Twenty-minute patch tests with components of the salad dressing showed positivity with sorbic acid and benzoic acid in some healthy adult controls. A nonspecific contact urticaria has been reported in 5% of general population with sorbic acid. This phenomenon could be only partially blocked by local application of antihistamine before testing; suggesting a nonimmunological mechanism in these contact urticaria cases from sorbic and benzoic acids. Most CUS from conservative agents were a NICoU mechanism. [70]
Preservation and Preservatives
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate (Figure 12.5b) are food-approved preservatives. They are broad-spectrum preservatives, but they are slightly weak against bacteria. Benzoic acid is very slightly water-soluble, but the sodium salt is highly soluble. They retain their activity over a narrow pH range, from pH 3 to 5. Typical use concentrations are 0.2–0.4%. (See ‘General Note on Organic Acids’.)Benzoic acid/sodium benzoate is permitted in most territories, with the following restrictions:European UnionRinse-off products, except oral care products: 2.5 % (as acid). Oral care products: 1.7 % (as acid). Leave-on products: 0.5 % (as acid).
Tooth Whitening Materials
Linda Greenwall in Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
Methyl, propylparaben, and sodium benzoate are commonly used as preservative substances. They have the ability to prevent bacterial growth in whitening materials (Alqahtani 2014). Many of the gels contain a preservative such as citroxain, phosphoric acids, citric acid, or sodium stan-nate. These preservatives sequestrate transitional metals such as iron, copper, and magnesium, which accelerate the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. These acid solutions give the gels greater durability and stability. They therefore have a mildly acidic pH.
An up-to-date evaluation of alogliptin benzoate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Jingbo Hu, Chunlin Yang, Hongbo Wang, Jing Li, Xueying Tan, Jinhui Wang, Bin Zhang, Yufen Zhao
Introduction: A growth in the market for anti-diabetic drugs, along with an ever-increasing population suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), requires a critical re-evaluation of anti-diabetic drugs used for a long time, in order to provide up-to-date practical prescribing information for clinicians. Alogliptin benzoate was firstly approved in 2010 in Japan for T2DM, both as a monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs. Areas covered: This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest data on alogliptin benzoate, including hypoglycemic activity and safety. Expert opinion: The cumulative evidence for alogliptin benzoate is robust with regards to glycemic efficacy and safety. Low hypoglycemia risks and weight changes support its consideration as a first-line medication for T2DM, either as a monotherapy or in combination therapy with other anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin. Ongoing trials will look to better analyze and address its safety and efficacy in pediatric patients and expand our clinical knowledge of this medication.
Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Yuanyuan Zhang, Chang Kong, Huimin Chi, Junxia Li, Jie Xing, Fei Wang, Lijun Shao, Qingfeng Zhai
With the widespread use of pesticides, the resistance to pesticides of pests has gradually increased, caused mixed pesticides to become even more widely used for practical applications. To investigate the effects of mixed pesticides on reproductive health in an occupational greenhouse environment, the greenhouse environment and the characteristics of the actual application were constructed, and then the male mice were comprehensively exposed to a mixture of the beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate environmental. Additionally, the effect of the beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate mixture on the reproductive health of male mice was known. The results showed that with the prolongation of exposure duration, the activities of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Acid phosphatase (ACP) in the testes of mice gradually decreased and the activity of Malondialdehyde (MDA) gradually increased. It was also found that the apoptosis rate of murine testicular cells increased and that DNA damage occurred with prolonged exposure duration. Therefore, it can be inferred that exposure to a mixture of the pesticides beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate in the greenhouse environment may have adverse effects on the reproductive health of male mice.
Formulation Development and Stability Studies of Aqueous Metronidazole Benzoate Suspensions Containing Various Suspending Agents
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2007
Sharon Zietsman, Gareth Kilian, Matthew Worthington, Chris Stubbs
Metronidazole is a synthetic antibacterial and antiprotozoan agent. Crystallization occurs in aqueous metronidazole benzoate suspensions caused by an anhydrate to monohydrate conversion. This study aimed to develop an aqueous metronidazole benzoate suspension that does not exhibit this hydration and the accompanying crystal growth. Four suspending agent systems were evaluated. Xanthan gum and Avicel® RC-591 (a combination of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium) were found to be the suspending agents that resulted in optimal formulation properties. Monohydrate formation did not occur in product containing Avicel® RC-591, indicating that suspending agents may exert a positive effect on metronidazole benzoate suspension stability.
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