Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents—Bark contains a white crystalline alkaloid, two resins (one soluble and the other insoluble in ammonia), an inorganic acid, mucilage (gum), and ash (8%). The husked seeds yield, on simple pressure, a clear, limpid, almost colorless fixed oil known as beni or moringa oil. It contains 60% of liquid oil and 40% of white solid fat. Constituents of moringa oil are myristic acid (7.3%), palmitic acid (4.2%), oleic acid (65.8%), stearic acid (10.8%), behenic acid (8.9%), and lignoceric acid (3.0%). The oil is a good source of a behenic acid in nature. Rao and Georg580 found that alcoholic extract of fresh roots exhibited strong antibiotic activity due to “ptergospermin” which is a reddish-brown, very active oil. Rangaswami and Subramanian581 obtained a wax from flowers with mp 69 to 72°C, acid number 10.5, saponification number 29.8, unsaponifiable matter 75.5%. The bark revealed the presence of sterols and terpenes,582triterpenoid-bayrenol.583 The leaves yielded amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, α-alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, cystine, and methionine and also α- and β- carotene.584 Later, nine amino acids in the flowers, eight in the fruit, and seven each in protein hydrolysate of flowers and fruits were identified. The flowers contained both sucrose and d-glucose, but the fruits showed the presence of sucrose only.585 The stem yielded 4-hydroxymellein, vanillin, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterone, and oclacosanoic acid.586
Innovative Delivery Systems for Andrographolide Delivery
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Very recently, the preparation of SLNs to deliver AG into the brain was reported. SLNs with a spherical shape, a small particle size, and a narrow particle size distribution were prepared. A mixture of glycerol with behenic acid esters (Compritol®) as the solid lipid and Brij® 78 as the surfactant were used for the fabrication of the AG-SLNs by the emulsion/evaporation/solidification technique, in order to reduce opsonization, phagocytosis, and clearance by the liver and reticuloendothelial system. Encapsulation efficiency of AG was very high, precisely 92%. After intravenous administration to Wistar rats, it was discovered by histochemical analysis using fluorescence microscopy that fluorescent SLNs were capable to reach the brain parenchyma.
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
In the case of A. majus, the essential oil extracted from the fruits constituted dipiperitone, unsaturated cyclic terpeniole and a mixture of furocoumarins. Also, fatty acids were identified in the plant oil including methyl ester of linoleic acid, methyl ester of oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acids. Other fatty acids included hexanoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, elaidic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, tricosnoic acid and tetracosanoic acid (Hussain et al. 2012).
Preparation and optimization of glyceryl behenate-based highly porous pellets containing cilostazol
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Kyu-Mok Hwang, Woojin Byun, Cheol-Hee Cho, Eun-Seok Park
Glyceryl behenate is a mixture of glycerol esters and behenic acid11. It has a waxy texture and was originally introduced as a lubricant in tablets12. The good compressibility13 and molecular binding force properties of glyceryl behenate make it useful as a release retardant in sustained-release dosage forms. Since it is a lipid, its density is low enough to float on water14. Some studies reported that postcompression thermal treatment, or sintering, of a glyceryl behenate-based matrix at high temperature led to a slower release rate15,16. This effect is thought to be caused by redistribution of melted lipid, which increased the matrix integrity. Unfortunately, the thermal treatment was only implemented at a temperature above the melting point of the lipid and the sintering effect at a temperature near its melting point remains unclear.
Nutrient and Antioxidant Properties of Oils from Bagasses, Agricultural Residues, Medicinal Plants, and Fodders
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Agomuo Emmanuel Nnabugwu, Amadi Peter Uchenna
The long- and very-long-chain fatty acid contents of oils from some bagasse, agricultural residues, and forages are presented in Table 3. The arachidic and eicosanoic acid content of the oils evaluated were in a range of 0% to 12.27% and 0% to 13.11%, respectively. Only SJ and PP oils and PP and PM oils contained eicosadienoic and eicosatrienoic acids, respectively. CC oil contained the highest quantity of behenic acid followed by GH oil, while in the case of erucic and docosahexaenoic acid contents, GH oil showed higher compositions than CC oil. Further, the results in Table 3 showed that the range of lignoceric, nervonic, and cerotic acid compositions of the oils were in a range of 0% to 27.30%, 0% to 0.08%, and 0% to 10.29%, with the bagasse oils containing the highest quantities of lignoceric and cerotic acids but undetected nervonic acid contents. The reports of Ajayi (40) implied that African nutmeg contained comparable arachidic acids to those of the bagasse oils presented in this study, but the eicosanoic acid levels of most edible oils—coconut, sesame, and olive oils (39)—were lower than the oils analyzed in this study. Eicosanoic and eicosadienoic acids have reportedly been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties (41); hence, these oils could be evaluated for possible anti-inflammatory properties. Further, with high proportions of behenic acids, erucic acids, and other very-long-chain unsaturated fatty acids known for their cholesterol-elevating properties (42), CA, CC, and GH oils could only be suitable for non-food industrial uses, such as production of floor polishes and detergents.
Impact of storage on the physico-chemical properties of microparticles comprising a hydrogenated vegetable oil matrix and different essential oil concentrations
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Pia Gottschalk, Benjamin Brodesser, Denis Poncelet, Henry Jaeger, Harald Rennhofer, Stephen Cole
Hydrogenated vegetable oil (VGB 5 ST; melting point 69–73 °C; stearic acid (18:0) ≥90%, palmitic acid (16:0) ≥7%, together with oleic acid (18:1), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0); CAS: 91082–37-0) was purchased from ADM Sio (Fourqueux, France). The essential oil mixture used as the active ingredient was a proprietary blend (major component (70% v/v) carvacrol together with thymol, carvone, and linalool) from Biomin® Phytogenics GmbH (Stadtoldendorf, Germany). The sachets (Art. Nr. 2020–0226; 160 mm × 230 mm) made from glue-laminated aluminium compound foil (Polyethylene terephthalate 12 µm/aluminium 9 µm/polyethylene 90 µm) used for the storage trial were purchased from Sokufol Folien GmbH (Limburg an der Lahn, Germany).
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