Chronic Otitis Media
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The natural history of cholesteatoma is for anatomical progression of disease over a variable timescale with inevitable involvement of the ossicular chain and possible involvement of the labyrinth by erosion of the lateral semicircular canal. The serious and potentially life-threatening sequelae of intracranial and intratemporal complications are discussed below (see ‘Intracranial complications’). The timescale for this is extremely variable and it is likely that many patients live with active squamous epithelial disease with minimal disability or inconvenience. Bacteriology is non-specific with a wide range of organisms frequently cultured. Madana et al. found Pseudomonas in 32%, Proteus in 20% and Staphylococcus aureus in 19% in children with cholesteatoma.242 As with mucosal disease, these organisms are likely to be opportunistic rather than primarily pathogenic (see ‘Factors influencing activity of chronic otitis media’ above). As the disease process advances, erosion of bone takes place as the lesion enlarges, by the mechanisms of osteoclastic and osteoblastic remodelling discussed in ‘Active mucosal chronic otitis media’ above. Although bone erosion in cholesteatoma takes place in the absence of acute inflammation and granulation tissue formation in some cases, the norm would be for the disease process to be associated with chronic granulation tissue formation with osteitis in the adjacent bone.
Infectious Diseases
Lyle D. Broemeling in Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
A new discipline called bacteriology began in the late 1870s and this scientific effort found the microbes that caused cholera, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, and scarlet fever. Needless to say, this was a revolution that used the science of biology to study the cause of these diseases. By 1900, scientists unanimously agreed that microorganisms, spread by casual contact, food and water contamination, insects, and by asymptomatic human carriers, in the case of typhoid and tuberculosis, were the cause of communicable diseases. The discoveries expanded government health initiatives such as water purification, food inspection, rodent control, and more awareness of individual hygiene actions, such as covering a cough and washing hands before eating. Of course, most relevant during these times of the coronavirus is “social distance”, recommended by the CDC as a person being at least six feet away from other people.
Tuberculosis
Dinesh Kumar Jain in Homeopathy, 2022
James Kent is another name, highly respected in the field of homeopathy. Lectures on homeopathic philosophy by James Kent are popular. Kent said in his lectures,Tubercles come first and the bacillus is secondary. It has never been found prior to the tubercle, but it follows that. Bacilli are not the cause of disease, they never come until after the disease … The bacteria theory would make it appear that the all wise Creator has sent these microorganisms to make man sick … Hahnemann did not adopt any such theory of bacteriology … If we could succeed today in putting a fluid into the economy that would destroy the bacteria that consumptive would soon die.(Kent, 1993, pp. 52–53)
British Journal of Biomedical Science in 2018: what have we learned?
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2019
A Blann
As in previous reports, the many disciplines that comprise biomedical science will be collected together into three broad categories that together make up the NHS’s life sciences [4]. These are blood sciences (haematology, clinical chemistry [including toxicology], blood transfusion and transplantation, immunology), cellular sciences (histopathology, cytology) and infection sciences (microbiology, bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology). We will first look at the 23 papers that focus on a single discipline (9 in blood science, 7 in infection science and 7 in cell pathology) before moving to the 13 that cross two boundaries (7 in blood science, 6 in infection science) and the 4 that are multi-disciplinary. An immediate problem with this system of classification is that, by definition, it undermines the simple layout of the traditional disciplines: for example, the leading technique in the paper by Tong [5] et al. is molecular genetics in uterine sarcoma: it is placed in cellular science as it refers directly to organ disease, although no classical histology (stained H&E tissue sections, or even FISH) was performed. It could therefore be argued that this paper belongs in a separate section devoted only to molecular genetics.
Metabolomics in antimicrobial drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Rustam Aminov
A clear understanding of the MoA of natural and synthetic antimicrobial compounds is crucial for drug characterization and for evaluation of its potential for future development and commercialization. In the previous drug discovery programs, very few drug leads have been subjected to this analysis, because it is labor- and time-consuming. It is usually performed using experimental bacteriology approaches, with a variety of microscopic techniques, by monitoring various biosynthetic processes in the cell in response to antimicrobials, and by gene knockout and overexpression techniques. Then, the drug–target interaction is confirmed by X-ray crystallography using a drug and a purified target. In recent years, this arsenal has been supplemented by whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome and proteome analyses, which accelerated the process of MoA identification. The progress in high-throughput metabolomics, in combination with chemogenomics, gene inactivation, and metabolic effect of antimicrobials with known MoA, now allows a rapid identification of MoAs (Figure 1). The high-throughput nature of this approach allows to perform a large-scale identification of MoAs immediately in the beginning of the drug discovery process, by analyzing the complete libraries of small-molecule drug leads. High-throughput metabolomics also contribute to a faster dereplication process and to the discovery of antimicrobial compounds with novel MoAs.
Management of pleural infections
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2018
Lucía Ferreiro, José M. Porcel, Silvia Bielsa, María Elena Toubes, José Manuel Álvarez-Dobaño, Luis Valdés
Factors such as age, geographical area, oropharyngeal flora, or certain underlying diseases can influence the bacteriology of pleural infection. Thus, in children, infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (more than 85%) and Streptococcus pyogenes [32] are much more frequent; in Asia, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes more than 25% of pleural infections [28,29], whereas in other areas its presence is negligible. The Viridans streptococci are a group of commensal anaerobic bacteria of the oropharynx that frequently cause community-acquired pleural infection but rarely cause pneumonia [5]; Klebsiella pneumoniae infection seems to be more frequent in diabetic patients [29] and in spontaneous bacterial empyema associated with liver cirrhosis, whose pathogens are not the ones of pleural infection, but those of gastrointestinal tract infection [33].
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