Fibrous tumors
Eckart Haneke in Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
All fibromyxoid tumors have to be differentiated. Digital fibrokeratoma may occasionally present a myxoid stroma, but expresses factor XIIIa, is CD34 negative and exhibits a specific macroscopic shape. Superficial acral fibromyxoma and myxoid neurofibroma may be similar, but the latter lacks the prominent vasculature and is positive for protein S100, whereas there can also be focal CD34 positivity. Myxoid onychomatricoma is CD34+ and shows the characteristic microarchitecture. Sclerosing perineurioma is more a tumor of the palms than the nails; it expresses epithelial membrane antigen and CD34 is usually negative. Myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is very rare, but was also observed on digits. It shows a storiform proliferation of CD34+ tumor cells, which also infiltrate the subcutaneous tissue. FISH reveals the typical t(17:22) translocation. Apolipoprotein D is expressed by dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, but not by superficial acral fibromyxoma.78,79 Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma has once been observed on the big toe.80 It shows alternating fibrous and myxoid areas with a swirling growth pattern and the tumor cells have uniform spindle cell morphology with minimal nuclear atypia. It is consistently CD34 negative,81 but typically shows the fusion transcript FUS/CREB2L3.82,83 Superficial angiomyxoma is mainly localized in the head and neck region but may exceptionally be observed in a digit. It is commonly ill-defined, multilobular, often hypervascularized, includes an epithelial component in about 20% of the cases, and consists of a proliferation of spindle and stellate cells in a more diffusely myxoid matrix. It is surrounded by a neutrophil-rich infiltrate. CD34 is inconsistently expressed.84 Monophasic spindle cell variant of synovial sarcoma may also be considered differential diagnostically. However, it can be immunohistochemically characterized by EMA positivity and reactivity for keratins.85 Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma occurs in the soft tissues of the extremities and is usually much larger but has no predilection for the nail apparatus. It can be distinguished thanks to its inflammatory infiltrate and the Sternberg-Reed like cells. When the myxoid component of superficial acral fibromyxoma is lacking, the histological features resemble cellular digital fibroma.86,87
Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2020
Yiyao Huang, Lesley Cheng, Andrey Turchinovich, Vasiliki Mahairaki, Juan C. Troncoso, Olga Pletniková, Norman J. Haughey, Laura J. Vella, Andrew F. Hill, Lei Zheng, Kenneth W. Witwer
Based on published literature and MISEV2018 suggestions, we examined known markers of cells (focusing on presumably or reportedly “EV-depleted” proteins), EVs, and the central nervous system. For the most part, presumed cellular proteins were enriched in BH, including those associated with mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi (Figure 7(d) and Figure S6, left panel). Only small amounts of these proteins were found in bdEV preparations; of these, nuclear proteins were found mostly in 10 K preparations, while apolipoprotein D associated with EVs (Figure 7(d) and Figure S6). Presumed EV proteins were found in all types of samples (Figure 7(d), middle panel) but were almost all enriched in EV preparations (Figure S6, right panel). A clear enrichment of certain EV markers was observed for EVs, including tetraspanins (CD81 and CD9), cytosolic proteins (FLOT1, FLOT2), annexins (ANXA11, ANXA3, ANXA4), RABs (RAB14 and RAB1A) and cytoskeleton proteins (ACTN1). Importantly, bdEVs also carried markers of central nervous system cell types: neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes (Figure 7(d), right panel). Some of these associations (e.g. for TMEM30A), may suggest selective protein packaging into EVs that could be exploited for selective enrichment of specific bdEV populations from tissue or biofluids. Presence of brain proteins was corroborated by an analysis using the DAVID database, revealing a high enrichment of brain-derived proteins in EVs (n = 264), 10 K (n = 179) and BH (n = 358) (Figure 7(e)). Of note, a small number of proteins enriched for terms such as platelet, blood, plasma, T-cell, fibroblast, and erythrocyte may indicate blood cell debris, infiltrating immune cells, or simply non-specificity of some proteins.
Serum proteome assessment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a preliminary study
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Paweł Małecki, Joanna Tracz, Magdalena Łuczak, Magdalena Figlerowicz, Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska, Wojciech Służewski, Anna Mania
The adipogenic function of tetranectin (lower concentration in the NAFLD group, without statistical significance) is described in a mouse and bovine model [46]. In the study of Nemes et al., lower concentrations of apolipoproteins D, M, and C-I in the group of children with NAFLD were found [47]. In our group, apolipoprotein D was significantly lower, while apolipoprotein M considerably higher in NAFLD patients. The significance of these apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been fully described in available reports.
Proteomics investigation of the changes in serum proteins after high- and low-flux hemodialysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2018
Shuai Han, Kaiguang Yang, Hong Zhu, Jianhui Liu, Lihua Zhang, Jiuyang Zhao
As listed in Table 1, several proteins showed similar changes after high-flux HD and low-flux HD. Some proteins had important physiological functions, which could influence the human body. Dyslipidemia is characterized by increased plasma levels of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reductions in anti-atherogenic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [26], which are the key pathogenic factors in atherosclerosis that lead to poor outcomes for maintained HD patients. However, the cause of dialysis-related disorders of lipid metabolism is not completely understood [27]. apoA-II is the second most abundant protein of the HDL particles and plays an important part in lipid metabolism. Low levels of HDL cholesterol and its main apoprotein constituents, apoA-I and apoA-II, are found in patients who are undergoing HD treatment [28]. Some studies have reported the significance of apoA-II in patients with chronic kidney disease or uremia. The mechanism underlying abnormalities in apoA-I and apoA-II involves an increased catabolic rate and a decreased production rate [29–31]. Other studies have shown that apolipoprotein C-I, apolipoprotein C-IV, apolipoprotein M, and apolipoprotein D are closely related to lipid metabolism [27,32,33]. Thus, the reduction in such proteins due to HD might be one cause of dyslipidemia in maintained HD patients. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is mainly produced by the liver and has important physiological functions, including vitamin D transport and storage, actin scavenging, fatty acid transport and enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5a in neutrophils during inflammation, and macrophage activation [34,35]. In addition, it plays an important role in the regulation of mineral and bone metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Consequently, it has become a focus of renewed investigations concomitant with the surge of interest in vitamin D in recent years. Some studies have reported that a reduction in DBP is common in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, or uremia, regardless of whether they are undergoing blood purification [36–39]. The main limitation of our study is the small number of samples. A larger number of samples will be investigated in our future studies.
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