The pathophysiology of salmonid cryptobiosis and Glossina-transmitted mammalian trypanosomiasis in livestock
G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik in Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Haemodilution, splenomegaly (Woo, 1979; Laidly et al., 1988), destruction of erythrocytes (Thomas and Woo 1988, 1989b) and depletion of haemopoietic tissues (Bahmanrokh and Woo, 2001) contribute to the anaemia in cryptobiosis. Thomas and Woo (1988, 1989b) showed that red cells are destroyed by Cryptobia secreted ‘haemolysin’ and the formation of immune complexes on red cells. Red blood cells with immune complexes are Coombs’ positive and they may be lysed on reaction with complement or are engulfed by macrophages. Many Coombs’ positive cells are not lysed because of the significant depletion of complement in infected fish (Thomas and Woo, 1989b). A 200-kDa metalloprotease has been isolated from C. salmositica. The enzyme has been purified and its optimal activity is pH 7.0 (Zuo and Woo, 1997a, d, 1998a). Its high proteolytic activity is inhibited by metal-chelating agents and excess of zinc ions, but is activated by calcium ions (Zuo and Woo, 1997d, 1998a). It lyses fish red cells under in vivo and in vitro conditions (Zuo and Woo, 1997b, c, 2000) by digesting the proteins in erythrocyte membranes (Zuo and Woo, 1997d) and consequently is an important contributing factor to the anaemia. It is the ‘haemolysin’ identified earlier as one of the causes of the anaemia in salmonid cryptobiosis (Thomas and Woo, 1988, 1989a). Under in vitro conditions, the proteolytic activities of this enzyme can be neutralized by antibodies (Zuo et al., 1997).
Abstracts of 2021 poster session from the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis 2021 annual meeting
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
Hypometabolism elicited by altered states of consciousness, including meditation and hypnosis span a spectrum extending from meditation to cryptobiosis including zombification. Dose-response spectral model has been formulated and its core hypothesis, which is as follows will be tested by a series of experiments: The physiological effects of altered states when combined due to meditation, hypnosis, flotation restrictive environmental techniques, and cryprobiosis or zombification will elicit a synergistic physiological outcome or mind body therapeutic synergism, measured by cerebral glucose metabolic rate, hepatic glucose metabolic rate, cardiac glucose metabolic rate, and DNA microarray of transcriptomic activity of peripheral blood cells. The hybrid medical imaging instrumentation consisting of magnetic resonance scanning and positron emission trans-axial tomography will be used to fluorine 18-glucose as the tracer for glucose metabolism. A feasibility analysis indicated a 93% rating for the investigation.
Orcokinin neuropeptides regulate sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Madison Honer, Kristen Buscemi, Natalie Barrett, Niknaz Riazati, Gerald Orlando, Matthew D. Nelson
What about tardigrades? These amazingly hardy animals can survive some of the harshest conditions, like desiccation and extreme heat and osmotic pressure. They do so by entering a state of extended quiescence referred to as cryptobiosis (Crowe, 1975). This can promote survival for years, but is reversible, at which point their bodies can be remarkably repaired (Wright, Westh, & Ramlov, 2010). Cryptobiosis may represent an extreme version of SIS. Is this protective behavioral state regulated by orcokinins? If so, orcokinins may be an evolutionarily ancient mechanism controlling protective behavioral quiescence in Ecdysozoa.
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- Desiccation
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