Angiogenesis
John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger in Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Angiogenin (polypeptide, 14,1 kDa, 22–24 AA) is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis, but has neither a mitogenic effect nor does it stimulate migration of endothelial cells. Angiogenin might stimulate other endothelial cell functions that are important in the development of new blood vessels or perhaps may act as an indirect factor. It is related to pancreatic RNAse and its ribonucleolytic activity appears to be important for its angiogenic activity since RNAse inhibitor also inhibits this activity.35 Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a homodimer with 112 amino acids per chain (25 kDa), it is synthesized and secreted in most tissues as a latent biologically inactive complex that can be activated by heat, acidification, and proteases.36 TGF-β plays an important role in tissue regeneration of different organs (bone, eye, liver, heart, skin, etc.), embryogenesis, and acts on specific cell types (lymphocytes, macrophages, synovial cells, and epidermis cells).37 TGF-β is not an endothelial cell mitogen, it blocks endothelial proliferation and motility in vitro, but stimulates angiogenesis in vivo.38,39 Its in vivo activity might be due to a differentiating effect that TGF-β has on endothelial cells to induce extracellular matrix synthesis. This factor is extremely chemotactic for monocytes that could infiltrate and produce mitogenic factors.40
Chemopreventive Agents
David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz in Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Angiogenesis is the process underlying the formation and development of new blood vessels vital for the growth and development of new cells, as in wound healing. However, it also plays an important role in tumor growth, development, and metastasis, as it facilitates the transport of oxygen and nutrients to a growing tumor and the removal of waste products through the formation of a supporting vascular network. Angiogenesis is controlled by growth factors such as VEGF, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF-α, angiogenin, IL-8, and the angiopoietins. One of the primary regulators of tumor angiogenesis is the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF, a potent endothelial cell-specific mitogen which stimulates endothelial cell growth originating in arteries, veins, and lymph drainage vessels (Figure 12.5).
Neurogenetics
John W. Scadding, Nicholas A. Losseff in Clinical Neurology, 2011
The protein TDP-43 has been identified to be the major aggregating protein in inclusions seen in both sporadic and familial ALS (and also a group of FTLD cases). The gene encoding this protein is TARDP and dominant mutations in TARDP have been identified in a minority (1–3 per cent) of ALS cases. Mutations in the FUS gene have also been discovered to cause autosomal dominant ALS. The FUS protein and the TDP-43 protein have the common characteristics of being an RNA/DNA-binding protein that is mainly nuclear. The other ALS genes are very rare, but include the ALS2 gene encoding alsin, mutations (recessive) in which cause a juvenile primary lateral sclerosis or infantile ascending spastic paralysis phenotype. Mutations in the senataxin gene cause a dominantly inherited juvenile onset ALS (while recessive mutations in the same gene cause AOA2). Mutations in the VAPB gene, angiogenin gene and the dynactin gene have also been implicated in adult onset familial ALS.
Targeted urine proteomics in lupus nephritis – a meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Ting Zhang, Valeria Duran, Kamala Vanarsa, Chandra Mohan
Among the 23 common proteins identified using both targeted proteomic platforms, the second largest category of biomarkers is associated with angiogenic process. Serum angiogenic activity is increased in SLE patients compared with healthy controls, associated with renal complications [60]. Angiostatin, a bioactive fragment of plasminogen, is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, which specifically inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. It is also anti-inflammatory by inhibiting activation and migration of neutrophils. Urinary angiostatin was significantly elevated in active LN, particularly in class IV LN, and correlated with renal SLEDAI and the histologic chronicity index [6,61]. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4), or angiopoietin-related protein 4, is a multifunctional cytokine regulating vascular permeability, angiogenesis, and inflammation [62]. It has been considered as a novel antiangiogenic modulatory factor, which markedly inhibited proliferation, chemotaxis, and tubule formation of endothelial cells. Addition of Angptl4 significantly inhibited both vascular endothelial growth factor-induced in vivo angiogenesis and vascular leakiness [63]. Urinary Angptl4 easily differentiated active LN from active non-renal or inactive SLE patients, and was strongly correlated with renal SLEDAI [26]. Angiogenin is also implicated in angiogenesis [64]. However, serum angiogenin was not significant different in SLE patients from that of healthy subjects, and its role in LN remains unknown [65].
The effects of microRNA-126 reduced inflammation and apoptosis of diabetic nephropathy through PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by VEGF
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Zhe Lou, Qiaobei Li, Chunyan Wang, Yinyan Li
VEGF can directly promote angiogenesis. Meanwhile, it can be involved in angiogenesis through paracrine of multiple angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, angiogenin-2 and angiogeni-1 (Drela et al. 2014). Research finds that Tongxinluo capsule can improve the microenvironment in myocardial infarction area, enhance post-transplantation survival of stem cells and increase angiogenesis (Kandhare et al. 2014). Besides, it can also construct collateral circulation, and add to the blood perfusion for the ischaemic lower limb in DN patients (Amoli et al. 2011). In the present study, the down-regulation of miRNA-126 suppressed VEGF, PI3K and p-AKT protein expression of diabetic nephropathy vitro. Sasahira et al. suggest that the downregulation of miR-126 induces angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by activation of VEGF-A in oral cancer (Sasahira et al.2012).
Chlorin e6-loaded sonosensitive magnetic nanoliposomes conjugated with the magnetic field for enhancing anti-tumor effect of sonodynamic therapy
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Hai-mei Zhu, Yi He, Su-su Huang, Jin-jie Tian, Li-sheng Wang, Jian-dong Hao, Bo Xie, Jia-jun Ling
The expression levels of ANG and VEGF correlate with angiogenesis, which is a necessary condition for the growth, infiltration and metastasis of solid tumor. ANG is a multifunctional proangiogenic secreted protein. The up-regulation of angiogenin-1 and angiogenin-2 may affect the proliferation and apoptosis of endothelial cells, or promote the growth and angiogenesis of tumor cells through paracrine and autocrine (Bottero et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2018). VEGF, secreted in tumor cells and vascular endothelial cells, is the main stimulant factor of angiogenesis and the critical proangiogenic growth factor (Liu et al. 2015; Roiz et al. 2016; Sui H et al. 2017). Furthermore, as the factor of a superintendence of the malignant tumor cells, the expression level of TNF-α is significant in evaluating the severity of cancer (Suganuma et al. 2006). Therefore, the expression levels of ANG, VEGF and TNF-α of the tumor tissue were determined to indicate the cancer prevention effect and possible mechanisms of Ce6/SML-MSDT. A lower level of ANG, VEGF and TNF-α expressions indicates a better tumor inhibition. Thus, the effect of activation on Ce6 by ultrasound was further verified in vivo and the results also suggested that Ce6/SML-MSDT group possessed the significant tumor targeting ability and anti-tumor effect. The result of VEGF expression in A549 tumor tissue after Ce6 administration was corresponding with the reported study (Wang et al. 2015; Hao et al. 2017), while the determined ANG expression of that has not been found in any other publications.