Surgical infection
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie in Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
This condition is not caused by clostridia. A mixed pattern of organisms is responsible: coliforms, staphylococci, Bacteroides spp., anaerobic streptococci and peptostreptococci have all been implicated, acting in synergy. Often, aerobic bacteria destroy the living tissue, allowing anaerobic bacteria to thrive. Abdominal wall infections are known as Meleney's synergistic gangrene and scrotal infections as Fournier's gangrene (Figure5.12). Patients are almost always immunocompromised, with conditions such as diabetes mellitus. The wound initiating the infection may have been minor, but severely contaminated wounds are more likely to be the cause. Severe wound pain, signs of spreading inflammation with crepitus and smell are all signs of the infection spreading. Untreated, it will lead to widespread local gangrene and systemic multisystem organ failure. The subdermal spread of gangrene is always much more extensive than appears from initial examination. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy must be combined with aggressive circulatory support. Locally, there should be wide excision of necrotic tissue and laying open of affected areas. The debridement may need to be extensive, and patients who survive may need large areas of skin grafting.
Alzheimer’s Disease, the Microbiome, and 21st Century Medicine
David Perlmutter in The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
In what is almost surely a reductive approach, we define the microbiome as the assemblage of non-Homo sapiens organisms that make up the human organismal system. In doing so, however, we also must recognize nonetheless that neither part could function effectively without the other. More than 1,000 species that comprise the human gut microbiome include anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea, viruses, and bacteriophages. Anaerobic bacteria, such as those from the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominate the overall microbial composition. As described in detail below, these species contribute to illness in numerous ways. In addition to these species, there are of course important contributions from the mitochondria, a major member of the “intracytoplasmic microbiome.”
Unexplained Fever In Urology
Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke in Unexplained Fever, 2019
Recently, Lizza et al.71 diagnosed X-G-P preoperatively by percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy, and Tonelli and Gianotti72 conclude that X-G-P is not an autonomous disease, but simply a stage in the development of subacute or chronic suppurative pyelonephritis, usually due to a member of the Enterobacteriaceae, either Proteus species or Escherichia coli. Other organisms were also reported, separately or polymicrobial infections: Staphylococci (15% of the cases), Pseudomonas, Klebsiella. Urine is sterile in 26% of the cases. The relatively high incidence of sterile cultures suggests a possible role of anaerobic bacteria, the extent and role of which is unknown.73 Malek and Elder74 found bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species in the renal parenchyma of X-G-P.
Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Among the above stressors, oxidative stress is of critical importance as it greatly influences viability and product quality.3 The oxygen sensitivity of probiotic LAB is a major factor limiting their viability, although LAB are regarded aerotolerant anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria lack the capability to synthesize an active electron transport chain,4 which affects their survival in aerobic environments. High oxygen levels will lead the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the superoxide anion (O2–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (HO·). When accumulated, ROS cause oxidative stress, which results in damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids, and even cell death.5 Therefore, preventing oxidative stress in LAB cells by using O2-tolerant LAB strains and applying adequate production and storage techniques are important to ensure high bacterial viability during storage and in the gastrointestinal tract.2,6
A Lemierre-like syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging disease
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Frederik Van Hoecke, Bart Lamont, Ann Van Leemput, Steven Vervaeke
By far, F. necrophorum has been reported as the most common causative agent of Lemierre’s syndrome in up to 81.7% of reported cases [27]. Other Fusobacterium species such as F. nucleatum and F. naviforme have also been involved [29,30]. Less common but still reported as causative organism in multiple cases are strictly anaerobic bacteria like Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, Prevotella species and Eubacterium species. Other frequently reported organisms are Lancefield group B and group C streptococci, Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus species, Eikenella corrodens, Lactobacillus species, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gemella morbillorum and Candida species. Only recently S. aureus has been added to the list [4,27,29,30,38]. Obviously, a substantial part of cases involving species other than F. necrophorum, do not meet the classic definition of Lemierre’s syndrome. These aberrant cases might fit the Lemierre-like syndrome definition or might not be related to Lemierre’s syndrome at all.
Measurement of lactate in pleural fluid rapidly identify infection and guide therapy
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Niclas Johansson, Karin Andersson Ydsten, Carolina Backman-Johansson, Martin Vondracek, Jonas Hedlund
The pathophysiology for the development of an acidotic environment and the formation of lactate are well connected, triggered by an anaerobic metabolism [34,35]. Besides, most anaerobic bacteria produce lactate, D- or L-isomers or both. Lactate has also been identified to be a robust and quick biochemical marker to analyse in pleura [19,36,37]. However, only a few studies have been published regarding pleura fluid lactate and PPE which may be explained by tradition, costs, lack of resources to perform the analysis and availability to an essay that only measures L-lactate. Today essays both on routine automation and blood gas machines measure the sum of D- and L-lactate and the availability of the test has increased dramatically as well as the price per test has dropped. Despite that lactate has become an important prognostic marker in emergency- and intensive care [38,39], the validity of using lactate as a biomarker in PPE has not been thoroughly investigated in earlier studies and a cut-off level regarding lactate to separate SPPE from CPPE has never been established. Santotoribio et al. found that measurement of the lactate concentration in patients with pleural effusions could be useful to differentiate between SPPE and CPPE [15]. In that study though, the central objective was to measure the accuracy of pleural fluid lactate concentration for diagnosis of PPE vs. pleuritis of other origin and there were few patients with SPPE (n = 10) and CPPE (n = 20).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Bacteria
- Cellular Respiration
- Clostridium Butyricum
- Fermentation
- Obligate Anaerobe
- Oxygen
- Aerobic Organism
- Aerotolerant Anaerobe
- Facultative Anaerobic Organism