Phototherapy Using Nanomaterials
D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija in Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Albumin is a plasma protein, which is responsible for blood colloidal osmotic pressure. This is non-antigenic and biodegradable and has been studied extensively as a drug carrier. The average HSA half-life is 19 days [177]. The photosensitizer pheophorbide was loaded on human serum albumin (Pheo-HSA) nanoparticles with different cross-linked ratios by non-covalent adsorption. Intracellular uptake and phototoxicity of both pheophorbide and Pheo-HSA nanoparticles were studied in Jurkat cells. For irradiation, a laser diode with emission at 668 nm and a light dose of 96 mJ/cm2 were used as light source. Due to intramolecular interactions, 1O2 quantum yield of pheophorbide-loaded HSA nanoparticles was very low and the final phototoxicity was at the same level as induced by free pheophorbide [178].
Alternative Tumor-Targeting Strategies
David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz in Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
A formulation of paclitaxel bound to albumin, nabTM-paclitaxel (AbraxaneTM) was developed by Abraxis BioScience Inc (previously VivoRx Inc) which was acquired by Celgene Inc in 2010. The product was approved by the FDA (US) and EMA (EU) in 2005 and 2008, respectively, for the treatment of breast cancer in patients not responding to other treatments, or in patients who had relapsed after other treatments. As this albumin-based formulation is free of Cremophor EL and ethanol, the risk of hypersensitivity reactions is significantly lowered, obviating the need for premedication to reduce this risk. Albumin is a naturally occurring protein in mammals including humans, one function of which is to carry water-insoluble molecules such as certain nutrients, hormones, and vitamins in the bloodstream. It is also known to selectively accumulate in tumor tissues through the EPR effect.
Geriatric hair and scalp disorders
Robert A. Norman in Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
The causes of telogen effluvium are different in the postmenopausal female and older male patient (Table 2). The incidence increases for events associated more with aging, such as acute25 and chronic illnesses, surgery and the use of medications for all manner of conditions26. Figure 7 shows regrowing hair after telogen effluvium following surgery. Note that a dark background helps to visualize the tips of the regrowing hair. Insufficient thetary protein may pose a problem in the elderly when issues of ill health, deficiencies of self-care and social isolation may become manifest27. Telogen effluvium may result when thyroid replacement requirements decrease in the postmenopausal female. Hair shedding may be the first symptom of changing thyroid status28–50. Iron deficiency is not as prevalent as the chronic iron losses due to menstruation cease (unpublished data, Roberts JL). Zinc deficiency and essential free fatty acid deficiency, common in the 1970s and 1980s in patients on total parenteral nutrition, has been largely eliminated in the West as knowledge about nutrition requirements has improved31–33. Fewer older individuals undergo the stresses of rapid weight loss due to intentional ‘crash theting’ but may suffer unintentional weight loss due to various illnesses. Chronic illnesses and dietary deficiencies can both result in lowered serum albumin.
Utilization of interpretable machine learning model to forecast the risk of major adverse kidney events in elderly patients in critical care
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Lin Wang, Shao-Bin Duan, Ping Yan, Xiao-Qin Luo, Ning-Ya Zhang
Furthermore, we found that a significant increase in non-hepatic AST was associated with mortality, which may reflect skeletal muscle damage, myocardial damage, or hematological diseases [43]. Our analysis also showed that low levels of albumin related to a high risk of MAKE30. Albumin is a protein that is mainly produced by the liver and circulates in the blood plasma. It has various functions, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting hormones and drugs, and modulating immune responses. Low albumin levels might indicate liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, inflammation, or infections, which are all potential risk factors for adverse kidney events [14,44,45]. Therefore, albumin levels can reflect the overall health status of elderly ICU patients and their susceptibility to MAKE30. Albumin levels might also be used as a biomarker to monitor the response to interventions and the prognosis of elderly ICU patients with AKI. These findings emphasize the importance of considering various physiological factors in predicting adverse renal outcomes in critically ill elderly patients and may have implications for clinical decision-making and risk stratification.
Renal and Hepatic Disease: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius as Diet Therapy Proposal for Prevention and Treatment
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Maria Lilibeth Manzanilla Valdez, Maira Rubi Segura Campos
Renal pathology is very extensive and complex, since it involves different organs and complications. Different diseases can cause renal complications, the lack of control in blood glucose (insulin resistance and DM) is the main cause of CKD, followed by complications of hypertension (25). Insulin resistance produces vascular damage inducing proliferation in the smooth muscle and affects the sensitization of angiotensin II (26). Patients with DM have accumulation in the extracellular matrix, affecting the basal membrane of the glomerulus, the mesangial in the tubular basal membrane and in the interstitium. Changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) such as sustained hyperfiltration and albuminuria in DM is the first sign of kidney disease (12). In Figure 6, it can observe the two types of damage that are caused at the endothelial and mesangial levels in the nephron. The endothelial damage in the epithelium and the increase in the mesangial matrix results in damage to the glomerulus, developing glomerulosclerosis. Mesangial damage increases the permeability in the glomerulus, resulting in albuminuria. Albumin is an indicator of nutritional status at a cellular level. Low serum albumin levels indicate persistent cellular malnutrition, albumin is an important parameter since it tells us how the kidneys and liver are, since their synthesis depends on them, low parameters of albumin are associated with malnutrition, cell inflammation, edema, and glomerular damage.
Hypothesis of using albumin to improve drug efficacy in cancers accompanied by hypoalbuminemia
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Soghra Bagheri, Ali A. Saboury
Albumin is the main natural plasma protein produced by the liver (Peters 1996), which has several important physiological functions including maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure, binding a wide range of compounds, and providing major plasma antioxidant activity. Therefore, the strong correlation between blood albumin concentration and health is not unexpected, and in fact, its concentration is directly related to mortality risk (Levitt and Levitt 2016). Albumin production rate is 9-14 g/day and its half-life is about 19 days (Peters 1996). Decreased albumin level occurs in conditions such as malnutrition, liver dysfunction, sepsis, infection, trauma, or major surgery (Gatta et al. 2012; Ñamendys-Silva et al. 2011). The normal concentration of albumin in the blood is about 35-50 g/L, which its decrease from this interval is called hypoalbuminemia (Vincent et al. 2003). Hypoalbuminemia can occur due to decreased energy source, impaired synthesis by the liver, increased albumin loss, or increased tissue catabolism (Franch-Arcas 2001).
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