Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
Several mechanisms are responsible for inducing weight loss through natural anti-obesity preparations. The antiobesity functions can be classified into five major categories, as given in Table 18.1. Depending on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity (Birari and Bhutani, 2007), the intake of some medicinal plants prevents the absorption of lipids in the intestine. By increasing the basic metabolic rate certain bioactive components can advance energy expenditure through thermogenesis (Hansen et al., 2010). This function will help to burn excess body fat and additional calories. Adipogenesis and the formation of fat cells in adipose tissues are inhibited through prevention of adipocyte differentiation due to the consumption of medicinal plants (Uto-Kondo et al., 2009). Furthermore, some medicinal plant products can augment lipolysis through inducing β-oxidation or noradrenaline secretion in fat cells based on enhancing lipid metabolism (lipolysis) (Okuda et al., 2001). Other anti-obesity ingredients can provoke satiety and diminish appetite (Geoffroy et al., 2011), which will facilitate to defend appetite. Ultimately, these anti-obesity medicinal plants will help to reduce food and energy intake (Haaz et al., 2006). Through a number of mechanisms, natural anti-obesity preparations can induce weight loss.
The metabolic basis of obesity
Anna Bellisari in The Anthropology Of Obesity in the United States, 2016
Dietary fat is digested and carried by transporter molecules via the bloodstream to adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme expressed by adipocytes, is up-regulated by insulin and clears fatty acids from the circulation. The fatty acids are taken up by adipocytes, where they are converted to triglycerides in a process known as adipogenesis. Triglycerides are then stored in large spaces in the adipocytes, which expand in size to accommodate the stored fat (Langin et al. 2009). Triglycerides are packages of highly concentrated, pure energy. One kilogram (2.2 pounds) of adipose tissue contains 100 grams of water, 800 grams of triglyceride, and 7000 calories of energy. A healthy human body includes approximately 15 kilograms of fat, enough to survive about 50–60 days of total starvation.
The Metabolic Syndrome in Hypertension
Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Anna F. Dominiczak, Enrico Agabiti Rosei in Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, 2019
There is increasing evidence that aldosterone through genomic and nongenomic effects on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) may be related to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and with other components of MS (83,84). The adipose tissue produces a lipid soluble factor that stimulates glucocorticoids and aldosterone secretion, and these hormones can promote the adipogenesis and inflammation in fat tissue. This unidentified lipid soluble factor could be leptin, which has recently been described as a direct regulator of the aldosterone synthase expression through calcium-dependent mechanisms (85–87). Several clinical studies support the potential benefit of MR antagonism in hypertensive patients with MS (88–90). This can be partly due to a reduction in the proinflammatory adipokine levels, which are usually elevated in MS, such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, together with an improvement in the expression of adiponectin (91,92).
Automated lipid droplet quantification system for phenotypic analysis of adipocytes using CellProfiler
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Victoria Adomshick, Yong Pu, Almudena Veiga-Lopez
Adipogenesis is the process by which mesenchymal stromal cells or committed preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes. This is a tightly controlled process that may be altered by several factors, including nutrition, stress, as well as environmental factors (Ghaben and Scherer 2019). Understanding how these factors can alter adipogenesis can help provide insights into strategies to prevent adipose tissue accumulation resulting in metabolic disorders and/or obesity (Ghaben and Scherer 2019). Studies to understand adipogenesis often use the preadipocyte mouse cell line 3T3-L1. Preadipocytes are induced to differentiate in vitro for 8–12 days during which cells are exposed to a differentiation cocktail that may contain insulin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, and/or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IMBX), among others (Zhao et al. 2019). During the differentiation process, cells begin to accumulate lipid droplets leading to the formation of mature adipocytes with a specific transcriptomic profile, including increased PPARγ, FABP4, and adiponectin expression (Lee et al. 2019).
Combined effect of retinoic acid and calcium on the in vitro differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells to adipocytes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Farjam Goudarzi, Arash Sarveazad, Maryam Mahmoudi, Adel Mohammadalipour, Reza Chahardoli, Obeid M. Malekshah, Shiva Karimi Gorgani, Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
Another molecule interacting with cell differentiation is calcium. It was shown that the intracellular increment of calcium may hinder the early stage of preadipocytes differentiation and, therefore, triglyceride accumulation. However, a lesser sensitivity to calcium was observed in the later stages of preadipocytes differentiation (Ntambi and Takova 1996). Other studies on the other hand have shown the opposite effect of calcium in induction the expression of the adipogenesis stimulant genes like PPARG (Gregoire et al. 1998). It was also suggested that this effect was related to the regulation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) (He et al. 2012). In another study, downregulation of PPARG was also reported that is regulated by calcium (Zhang et al. 2007). Taking together of these reports it is inferred that further studies should be conducted to find out the role of these two factors in controlling of the adipogenesis.
Complexity of Tumor Microenvironment: Therapeutic Role of Curcumin and Its Metabolites
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Sahdeo Prasad, Priyanka Saha, Bilash Chatterjee, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Rajiv Lall, Amit K Srivastava
As curcumin is beneficial for health and is well-known for its anticancer properties, it can also regulate adipogenesis. Several studies have demonstrated that curcumin reduces the viability and growth of adipocytes, suppresses their differentiation and stimulates lipolysis. The regulation of adipogenesis has been shown to be associated with the modulation of various cell signaling pathways and inflammatory responses (22). Direct interaction of curcumin with adipose tissue has been shown to result in the suppression of chronic inflammation. Curcumin also suppresses the infiltration of macrophages and activation of inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), proinflammatory adipokines, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in adipose tissue. In addition, curcumin promotes antioxidant activities and induces the expression of the anti-inflammatory agent adiponectin (23).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adipocyte
- Adrenaline
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Chondrocyte
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell
- Insulin
- Osteoblast
- Muscle Cell
- Glucagon
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma