Components of Nutrition
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Fat is the storage medium for the fat-soluble vitamins, which receive treatment later. Its role as storehouse is crucial in another context. Earlier was noted the body’s meager ability to store energy as glycogen. As noted, only about 1 percent of body mass is glycogen whereas roughly 25 percent is fat, stored in a type of tissue known as adipose, which holds most of the body’s reserve energy.54 Each adipose cell, known as an adipocyte, harbors a fat droplet. The body retains primarily triglycerides in adipose, possibly an adaptation to the reality that they constitute around 95 percent of edible fats.55 More than a reserve, adipose insulates the body—an asset in cold but not in heat—cushions organs and helps transmit signals between cells (extracellular) and within a cell (intracellular).
Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
Adipocytes release fatty acid, which are used as fuel by organs in times of limited glucose. These fatty acids are the outcomes from triacylglycerol breakdown, which contain more energy per unit mass compared to carbohydrates. Lipid homeostasis and energy balance is centrally regulated by adipocytes. According to changing energy demands they release free fatty acids from stored triglycerides. The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes both are involved with adipocyte tissue growth, which led to the development of natural products which helps in anti-obesity therapy that exclusively target adipogenesis inhibition. Some research has also proposed that through blockade of several transcription factors like C/EBP_ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta) and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) adipocyte differentiation could be inhibited (Kang et al., 2013).
Adipose Tissue as an Important Body Organ
Roy J. Shephard in Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
White adipocytes. The majority of fat cells take the form of white adipocytes. Individual cells (approximately 30 billion in total) have a diameter of about 0.1 mm. Each cell is packed with a large drop of neutral fat (triglyceride), so that the nucleus and a thin film of cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery of the adipocyte. If food intake is excessive relative to immediate needs, individual cells can increase progressively to about four times their initial size, but if this still fails to meet the demand for fat storage they divide, increasing the total body adipocyte count [71]. An increase in total adipocyte count is more likely to occur during childhood than in adults. It increases the individual’s propensity to obesity, and it is thus particularly important to guard against gross overfeeding during childhood.
Personalized Nutrition: Translating the Science of NutriGenomics Into Practice: Proceedings From the 2018 American College of Nutrition Meeting
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Okezie I Aruoma, Sharon Hausman-Cohen, Jessica Pizano, Michael A. Schmidt, Deanna M. Minich, Yael Joffe, Sebastian Brandhorst, Simon J. Evans, David M. Brady
Profiling of genetic nutritional responses can help in the determination of which specific foods give the best biological response, based on an individual’s DNA. Of interest, fatty acids in dietary triacylglycerols are transported from the intestines to the rest of the body by large lipoprotein particles called chylomicrons. Hormone signaling releases fatty acids from adipose tissue that bind to an abundant transport protein in serum called albumin. The fatty acids that are synthesized in the liver are carried through the body as triacylglycerols by very-low-density lipoprotein particles. Fat is stored in fat cells (adipocytes). Obesity, especially childhood obesity, can be due to both, that is, more fat storage per cell and a larger number of adipocytes. In contrast, in normal healthy adults, the onset of old age and reduced metabolic rates leads to weight gain resulting primarily from storing more fat per cell (although adults can also add more fat cells if they become obese). The thematic review of Saini-Chohan et al. (33) on fatty acid metabolism is worth perusing by the reader for an illustration of the potential genomic disposition of the individual impacting the control of metabolism.
Lipopolysaccharides derived from gram-negative bacterial pool of human gut microbiota promote inflammation and obesity development
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Liyu Du, Xi Lei, Jie Wang, Li Wang, Qingping Zhong, Xiang Fang, Pan Li, Bing Du, Yutao Wang, Zhenlin Liao
Obesity is characterized by the increased number and volume of adipocytes, accompanied by metabolic and inflammatory complications. Inflammation of adipose tissue in obese people has been the focus of recent studies on obesity and its related metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue was the first site where inflammation was found to be associated with obesity. Hotamisligil et al. [34]first found in vivo in animal models an abnormal increase in TNF-α expression by adipocytes in obese rats and mice. The main reason for this is the presence of LPS, which attracts macrophages to infiltrate into adipose tissue, causing an inflammatory immune response and the release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, etc.). In some models, it was also found that high-fat diet-induced obesity and lipid accumulation cause high expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [35–40].
Reversal of high fat diet-induced obesity through modulating lipid metabolic enzymes and inflammatory markers expressions in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Kalaivani A., V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao, Brahmanaidu Parim, Saravanan Ganapathy, Nivedha P. R., Sushma Chandulee Kancharla, Rameshreddy P., Swapna K., Vadivukkarasi Sasikumar
Accumulation of unnecessary fat in adipocytes is the fundamental phenomenon for obesity. The hepatic and circulating levels of inflammatory factors, such as adipokines and cytokines, were augmented in HFD supplemented animals (Zhu et al. 2014). Adipose tissue secretes adipokines (e.g. adiponectin, leptin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), visfatin, resistin, and interleukin-6), which play a vital role in energy regulation. Obesity is associated with lipid accumulation not only in adipose tissues but also in nonadipose tissues, such as skeletal muscle and liver (Van Herpen and Schrauwen-Hinderling 2008). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during inflammation is well thought-out as a predisposing factor, and amplified mitochondrial ROS production during diabetes (Uddandrao Sathibabu et al. 2017) may be innermost to much of the pathology of obesity (Shen et al. 2010), thereby uplifting the level of TNF-α. Metabolic inflammation is a significant cause of obesity (Solinas and Karin 2010), and inflammatory signalling can considerably amend lipid metabolism in the liver (Glass and Olefsky 2012). In the current study, there were elevated mRNA levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipose tissue of HFD obese rats, which were down regulated when the HFD-induced obese rats, were administered with CSO. Oral treatment with CSO notably suppressed the circulating levels of these proinflammatory cytokines, which imitate the anti-inflammatory prospective of CSO.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adipogenesis
- Brown Adipose Tissue
- Cell Culture
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell
- Osteoblast
- Adipose Tissue
- Muscle Cell
- Cell
- Fat
- White Adipose Tissue