The Gut Microbiota, Health and Exercise
Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin in Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
With relatively few commonly consumed food sources naturally containing probiotics, in contemporary society probiotics are added to many cultured dairy products (Ohashi and Ushida, 2007). Due to the recognised health benefits the most common strains of probiotic bacteria to be added to products for human consumptions belong to the species Lactobacillus sp. (of the Firmicute phyla) and Bifidobacterium sp. (of the Actinobacteria phyla) (Benton et al., 2007). In particular, as outlined by Cerda and colleagues (2016), Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the gut have been found to enhance the absorption of vitamins (such as B and K) and minerals, improve lactate tolerance, have anti-diabetic effects, lower cholesterol, increase resistance to infection, decrease the risk of colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2011), exert anti-inflammatory effects (Villena and Kitazawa, 2014) and produce short chain fatty acids (Logan et al., 2003).
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Azamal Husen in Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Various bacterial strains are present in the rhizosphere of R. serpentina. One such strain isolated was designated “WGR–UOM–BT1”. The BT1 strain showed antifungal activities by suppressing foliar or root fungal pathogens and also promotes plant growth in tomato under lab and greenhouse conditions. The strain is positive for rhizosphere colonization in tomato, Indole acetic acid (IAA) production. It can also be used as a biofertilizer due to properties such as phosphate solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity, and IAA production which stabilizes various factors of the plants during unstable environmental conditions. The strain produces a completely novel antimicrobial metabolite identified as amino (5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrofuran-3-yl) methanol (AMTM). It is a heterocyclic compound containing nitrogen (Prasannakumar et al., 2015). Endophyticactino bacteria can be found in medicinal plants such as R. serpentina. In the future, these actinobacteria will act as a potent bioresource for the extraction of new bioactive compounds (Gohain et al., 2019).
An Overview of Protease Inhibitors
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Proteases are without a doubt a focal need of the natural framework. Considered catalysts of scission prior, proteases are presently viewed as crucial proteins for the existing framework. All things considered, underneath their imperative capacities, lies the chance of being a risk. Upon interruption in the directed instrument of proteolytic handling, they can prompt certain oddities (Fitzpatrick, 2004). Nonetheless, they can be constrained by directed emission or articulation or potentially initiation of proteases by restraint of the proteolytic movement and debasement of developed chemicals. However, sicknesses can be constrained by hereditary adjustment, this thought is sketchy. The job of protease inhibitors becomes unmistakable here (Grant and Mackie, 1977). Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a universal class of catalysts that assume a significant part in the life framework. They are significantly applicable attributable to their significance in directing physiological just as neurotic capacities in the living association. Normally accessible protease inhibitors, retrieved from plants and creatures, are bountiful in nature while little is known and concentrated about proteases inhibitors of microbial beginning. Microorganisms present a splendid wellspring of protease inhibitors as low-subatomic-weight peptidomimetic inhibitors. Having a place within eubacterial realm, actinobacteria are modernly and pharmacologically critical microorganisms esteemed for their compounds, antitoxins, antitumor specialists, and protein inhibitors (Dhanasekaran and Jiang, 2016). They produce exceptionally potential bioactive particles and subsequently are regularly evaluated for novel bioactive leads. The interest for protease inhibitors from actinobacteria traces all the way back to the 1960s. In contrast to the traditional protease inhibitors, protease inhibitors from actinobacteria are dominatingly little particles (Feinstein et al., 1967). The detachment and portrayal of leupeptin from actinobacteria by Aoyagi et al. was probably the earliest report. From that point forward, the creation and job of protease inhibitors have developed massively. The development of HIV protease inhibitor Norvir between 2000–2006 coming to 6.6 billion in worldwide deals is one such model (Aoyagi et al., 1969). Consequently, there is a promising future for protease inhibitors. In our survey, we present a course of events of protease inhibitors from actinobacteria with agents of a few striking protease inhibitors.
Impact of frequency of denture cleaning on microbial and clinical parameters – a bench to chairside approach
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Gordon Ramage, Lindsay O’Donnell, Leighann Sherry, Shauna Culshaw, Jeremy Bagg, Marta Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, Clare Brown, Debbie McKenzie, Laura Cross, Andrew MacInnes, David Bradshaw, Roshan Varghese, Paola Gomez Pereira, Anto Jose, Susmita Sanyal, Douglas Robertson
The denture microbial composition was investigated from the disc samples by a qPCR targeted approach at Days 0, 3 and 7. Eight microbial groups were selected based on findings from a previous microbiome high throughput sequencing study of denture wearers [10]. In the present study a relative dominance of V. dispar and Streptococcus species was observed in both treatment groups and at all time points, with other microbial groups contributing in smaller proportions. No apparent difference between treatments were observed. Streptococcus and Veillonella have been documented as early colonizers and dominant microbes in healthy oral biofilms [49–51] and have been reported as major components of dentures in participants without stomatitis [10,52]. Actinobacteria spp. have been reported as abundant components of the denture’s microbiome [10]; however, in this study they were present in a relative low abundance (<10%). This study would benefit from a full microbiome analyses, though whether these data would add value in terms of driving evidence for the best treatment regimens remains to be seen. Our qPCR approach provides an intermediate and more economical approach to assessing changes in microbial dynamics.
Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Pari Mokhtari, Julie Metos, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
Actinobacteria, one of the largest bacterial phyla are Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine + cytosine (G + C) DNA content and mainly represented by the Bifidobacterium genus.66Bifidobacterium genus presented in the human gut have a significant role in maintaining health not only within the gastrointestinal tract but in the rest of the body.68Bifidobacterium genera contribute to butyrate production and inhibiting bacterial translocation.68 Human studies show that the gut microbiome composition is different in children with T1D and healthy controls. At the phylum level, the bacterial number of Actinobacteria was shown to decrease significantly in children with T1D compared to healthy children.45,47 However, another study conducted in Finland reported higher abundance of Actinobacteria in children with T1D.44
Oral microbiome and obesity in a large study of low-income and African-American populations
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Yaohua Yang, Qiuyin Cai, Wei Zheng, Mark Steinwandel, William J. Blot, Xiao-Ou Shu, Jirong Long
As shown in Table 3, of the 63 ‘common taxa’ investigated, six taxa were associated with increased obesity prevalence after FDR correction. In Firmicutes, five taxa were associated with increased obesity prevalence. Among them, the family Carnobacteriaceae along with two taxa within it, including the genus Granulicatella and the species Granulicatella adiacens, were associated with obesity with P of 5.79 × 10−5, 1.90 × 10−4 and 3.68 × 10−5, respectively. Two other taxa in this phylum, the genus Gemella and the species Streptococcus oligofermentans, were also positively associated with the prevalence of obesity, with P of 2.25 × 10−3 and 5.50 × 10−3, respectively. In the phylum Actinobacteria, the species Actinomyces sp. oral taxon 180 was associated with increased prevalence of obesity, with P = 4.38 × 10−3. All of these six taxa were still associated with obesity prevalence after FDR correction for 63 tests with an adjusted P < 0.05.
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