Rifampicin (Rifampin)
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
S. pneumoniae is rifampicin sensitive, including penicillin nonsusceptible and resistant strains; rates of resistance have been less than 1% in four successive nationwide surveys in the USA by Doern and co-workers (Doern et al., 1996; Doern et al., 1999; Doern et al., 2001; Doern et al., 2005) and Thornsberry et al. (1999) and in studies from the UK (Johnson et al., 1996), China (Wang et al., 1998), Europe (Fluit et al., 1999), Australia (Gosbell and Neville, 2000; Gosbell et al., 2006), South Africa (Huebner et al., 2000), Italy (Marchese et al., 2005; Montagnani et al., 2006), Brazil (Brandileone et al., 2006), Kuwait (Johny et al., 2010), Greece (Maraki and Papadakis, 2014), and the SENTRY Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program (Hoban et al., 2001). S. pyogenes remains highly susceptible to rifampicin (Coonan and Kaplan, 1994; Orden et al., 1998; Perez-Trallero et al., 1998), as do viridans group streptococci (Smith et al., 2004). Group B streptococci, Abiotrophia spp. (one of the organisms previously known as nutritionally variant streptococci) (Tuohy et al., 2000; Murray et al., 2001) and anaerobic cocci are also rifampicin sensitive, but most Enterococcus faecalis strains are only moderately susceptible.
Composition and Diversity of Human Oral Microbiome
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne in Microbial Biofilms, 2017
In one of the earliest studies on the human oral microbiome, Aas and colleagues analysed nine oral sites from five clinically healthy subjects to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonisation using ABI 3100 DNA sequencer [10]. The species that were found to be common to all oral sites belonged to the genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, and Granulicatella. However, some species were site specific. The predominant species on the tooth surface were Streptococcus sp. clone EK048, S. sanguinis, and S. gordonii, and Rothia dentocariosa, G. hemolysans, G. adiacens, Actinomyces sp. clone BL008 and Abiotrophia defectiva. In subgingival plaque, several species of Streptococcus and Gemella were often detected. S. mitis biovar 2 was present at the lateral side of the tongue while being absent on the tongue dorsum. On the hard palate, the predominant bacterial species included S. mitis, S. mitis biovar 2, Streptococcus sp. clone FN051, Streptococcus infantis, Granulicatella elegans, G. hemolysans, and Neisseria subflava. On the soft palate, S. mitis, other cultivable and not-yet-cultivable species of Streptococcus, G. adiacens and G. hemolysans were predominant. Following this study, Egija Zaura and colleagues examined the diversity and uniqueness of individual oral microbiomes using pyrosequencing for the first time [18]. In this study it was observed that the cheek samples were the least diverse while the dental samples showed the highest diversity. Principal component analysis discriminated the profiles of the samples originating from shedding mucosal surfaces from the samples that were obtained from the non-shedding surfaces [18].
Endophthalmitis Caused by Abiotrophia Defectiva after Anterior Vitrectomy in a Child
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Helio V. Neves da Silva, Anna Mackin, Jesse Smith, Mariam Ahmad
Past case reports in the ophthalmology literature have described infection with these organisms on the ocular surface, presenting particularly as conjunctivitis and keratitis.2 It is suggested that the presence of these organisms in the cornea and cardiac valves is related to their ability to colonize avascular collagenous tissue.2 In 2004, a case report that used 16S rDNA PCR analysis of 4 random cases of infectious keratitis diagnosed one of them as being caused by Abiotrophia defectiva.3 Past difficulties in identifying Abiotrophia defectiva are likely due to the fact that this is a fastidious organism, requiring enriched media, usually with cysteine and pyridoxine 2. With the increasing use of 16S rRNA PCR assays, VITEK ® 2 System and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the detection of this organism on the ocular surface is likely to become more common.4
First case of Abiotophia defectiva infectious endocarditis treated with a combination of amoxicillin and daptomycin
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Tomasz Chroboczek, Julie Le Scanff, Gary David
We have found in the medical literature only one other report of Abiotrophia IE being treated by daptomycin.13 In this case, IE was diagnosed in a 23 years old patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia, carrying a long term catheter, and admitted for vaso-occlusive crisis. Cardiac echography showed thickening of the mitral valve with a vegetation of 3-5 mm. Blood cultures were positive for Abiotrophia spp. and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Further identification of Abiotrophia spp. failed, thus this bacterium could also belong to the Granulicatella genus. Catheter was removed and patient was cured after a 2-month treatment with daptomycin (6 mg/kg/d) and rifampicin (600 mg/d). No surgery was required.
Functional profiles of coronal and dentin caries in children
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2018
Christine A Kressirer, Tsute Chen, Kristie Lake Harriman, Jorge Frias-Lopez, Floyd E Dewhirst, Mary A Tavares, Anne CR Tanner
Detection of genes in S. mutans, R. dentocariosa, several Actinomyces species and S. salivarius in coronal caries compared with caries-free sites is consistent with other reports [5,29–32]. Detection of genes to these species fit with the expanded ecological plaque hypotheses that proposes blooming of Actinomyces and non-mutans streptococci in early stages of dental caries [17]. Under this hypothesis, these species set up the environment for more acid-tolerant and acidogenic species that would include S. mutans, S. wiggsiae [33], Actinomyces sp. HOT 448 [34] observed in dentin caries in the current report. S. wiggsiae is a relatively newly recognized species that has been detected in caries in several reports from the US [5], Europe [35] and Brazil [36]. Other highly acidogenic, lactate-producing species in dentin included A. rimae and A. parvulum [37] although the acid tolerance of these species is unknown. Other less acidogenic species with genes detected in dentin, included Prevotella and Capnocytophaga species and S. longum [38], likely reflecting the higher pH deeper in dentin compared to the tooth surface, and proteolytic activity related to dentin caries [10]. Detection of genes in dentin mapping to A. oris, P. denticola, A. parvulum and the genus Rothia in dentin was as previously reported [11]. Abiotrophia defectiva was detected in caries-free sites, although not significantly associated with health. This previously ‘aberrant Streptococcus species’ is clinically associated with bacterial endocarditis and has been observed in health compared with early childhood caries [39] as in the current study.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bacteria
- Lactic Acid Bacteria
- Streptococcus
- Bacillota
- Abiotrophia Balaenopterae
- Granulicatella
- Infective Endocarditis