Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale in Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
You may have thought of the following: Intravenously (IV): into the vein.Subcutaneous (SC) (hypodermoclysis): into subcutaneous tissue. This route is a valuable alternative method of fluid delivery to the traditional intravenous route, particularly used for older people. It has many advantages over parenteral fluid administration, including ease of administration and fewer systemic side effects.Intra-osseous (IO): directly into the bone marrow of the antero-medial aspect of the tibia (most popular), femur, iliac crest or humerus.
Clinical Aspects Related to Methylphenidate-Based NPS
Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu in Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Methylphenidate-based NPSs are designer drugs with structural and pharmacological similarities to the prescription drug MPH. Methylphenidate itself has a history of being abused, either in recreational settings or as a cognitive enhancer. Information about MPH-based NPSs derives mainly from case reports and early in vitro studies; clinical studies are lacking. The psychoactive effects of MPH and related NPSs are predominantly mediated by potent inhibition of the NET and DAT. The pharmacological profile of MPH-based NPSs and effects that are described by users indicate similarities to cocaine and abuse potential. Nasal insufflation, oral ingestion, and intravenous injection are common routes of administration. Intravenous injection poses an especially severe health risk to users. Symptoms of intoxication are similar to amphetamine-type stimulants and are mild in most cases. The treatment of intoxication is mainly supportive, but benzodiazepines may be prescribed to treat sympathomimetic symptoms. Ethylphenidate was the first MPH-based NPS to appear on the illicit drug market, and it has been associated with several fatalities. Most of the deceased, however, were heavy drug users with combined drug intoxication.
Argentine and Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fevers (South American Hemorrhagic Fevers)
James H. S. Gear in CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The rest of treatment consists of adequate hydration, symptomatic measures, and proper management of the neurologic alterations, blood losses, shock, and superimposed infections. Medication should be given by oral and intravenous routes. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are contraindicated, because of the risk of hematomas and life-threatening infections, such as gas gangrene. Strict isolation and containment measures are not justified, because AHF and BHF are not usually contagious, although a few well-documented instances of interhuman transmission have been found.39,64,65 They can be prevented by avoiding intimate contacts with patients and by properly handling, decontaminating, and disposing of blood and secretions.
The Utility of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2019
Revelle Littlewood, Susan P Mollan, Irene M Pepper, Simon J Hickman
To prepare the patient, explain the procedure, its risks and benefits then take informed consent. All patients need clear media and their pupils dilating. The baseline arterial blood pressure should be measured. Intravenous access is required in a medium-large bore vein. Resuscitation facilities and a physician should be readily available. Normally colour, ‘red-free’ fundal photographs and autofluorescence photographs are taken. Typically, fluorescein 5 ml 10% intravenous is injected. Early rapid sequence photographs at about 1-s intervals are taken for 25–30 s. As the early shots are critical and it is generally only possible to get a good series of early shots from one eye due to the time it takes to move the camera between eyes, one eye needs to be prioritised. As the test continues less frequent shots are taken, alternating between the eyes for between 5 and 10 min. Very late images may be taken at 10–20 min.1–4
Drug delivery and targeting to brain tumors: considerations for crossing the blood-brain barrier
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Yadollah Omidi, Nazanin Kianinejad, Young Kwon, Hossein Omidian
However, Eq. (1) shows the whole process, which is associated with several complex influx and efflux functions as well as subcellular compartmental distribution. To date, a couple of in situ perfusion and in vivo methods have been used to measure the influx clearance of the brain, including (i) the brain uptake index (BUI) that is also called the in vivo carotid artery injection technique, (ii) the intravenous injection method, (iii) and intracerebral microdialysis [212]. Further, the brain efflux index (BEI), which is based on the relative amount of test drug effluxed from the CNS compared to a reference compound (carboxylinulin) with a limited BBB permeability [213]. In this method, the test solute and impermeant reference compound can be injected into the brain via direct microinjection. Then, at various time points, the ratio of the test tracer to the impermeant reference marker (R) is determined in the brain, which can be calculated as BEI% using Equation (2).
Effect of dexamethasone on labour induction and cervical ripening in term pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Shahla Hemmatzadeh, Parivash Ahmadpoor, Sevda Kamrani, Mojgan Mirghafourvand
The intravenous injection was used in two studies (Laloha et al. 2015; Ahmed et al. 2019). Laloha et al. intravenously injected 8 mg of dexamethasone to 86 term pregnancies (compared with 86 controls) and re-examined the participants 4 h later to determine the Bishop score and then began induction with oxytocin. The Bishop score significantly increased in the intervention group, and the mean interval between labour induction and the onset of the active phase was substantially shorter in the intervention group. Abdulazim et al. also investigated the delivery type, first and fifth minute Apgar scores, NICU admission rate, meconium contamination, and neonatal weight, in addition to the Bishop score and the interval between the labour induction and the onset of the active phase on 100 pregnancies. Their primary outcome was the duration of labour induction, cervical ripening and possible side effects. They found no significant difference between the groups in none of these factors.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blood Transfusion
- Circulatory System
- Route of Administration
- Oral Administration
- Medication
- Electrolyte
- Electrolyte Imbalance
- Fluid Replacement
- Recreational Drug Use
- Bolus