Planning for aeromedical evacuation
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol in Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Correct hypovolaemia, acidosis, hypothermia (most critical factors): Intravenous and intraosseous access.Infusion systems.Blood product replacement (blood, plasma, clotting factors).Blood warming system.Survival blanket.Patient heating system.
Ethno-Bioprospection in Northeast India
Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi in Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
The present chapter highlights the various traditional herbal formulae used to treat common diseases, widely used by the tribes and communities in northeastern region. The traditional healers administer locally prepared folk remedies for which they use various methods of preparations, i.e., decoction, infusion, paste, juices, and powder. The study further shows that decoction is the most commonly used method followed by paste, juice, infusion, and powder. Decoctions are made in similar processes as those used in Ayurvedic preparations (quath or kawath). Infusions are made according to two traditional means: Cold infusion or Hima where the dried plant material is coarsely powdered and soaked in plain water and then filtered; and hot infusion or Phanta whereby boiled water is used for a hot infusion. Paste, juice, and powder follow standard preparation processes [Plate 2 (A-F)].
Method of Extraction
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Infusion and decoction are simple methods of extraction with water. Infusion is the method in which hot or cold water is added to the milled drug and decoction allows the sample to be boiled for about 15 min in water. It is applicable for soft drugs containing water-soluble constituents only. However, decoction is applicable for water soluble and heat stable drugs obtained from hard and woody sources. Extraction with water as the sole solvent is seldom used for plant material although some plant constituents are water-soluble, such as carbohydrates, flavonoid polyglycosides, quaternary alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. For example, taxifolin or dihydroquercetin is believed to undergo certain enzymatic reductions forming water-soluble oligomeric flavonoids that give adhesive properties to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bark extracts. Water soluble compounds are usually extracted using mixtures of methanol-water or ethanol-water by one of the methods mentioned previously for organic solvents. lnfusions are prepared by leaving the plant material to soak in the solvent (generally at room temperature) for a period of time with or without intermittent shaking, followed by filtration to separate away the plant debris. If the plant material has settled, then the upper solvent extract can be decanted off and replaced if necessary with fresh solvent. It is possible to use pre-heated solvents (as in the preparation of a tea), but these will cool down during the extraction process.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of clostridium difficile
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2019
Giovanni Cammarota, Antonella Gallo, Gianluca Ianiro, Massimo Montalto
There is great heterogeneity among the different studies as regarding FMT procedure, in particular the donor selection, the route of administration (by colonoscopy, naso-duodenal tube, capsules, or enema) and the number of fecal infusions to optimize outcome [75,76,83]. On the other hand, the development of expert FMT centers and the establishment of stool banks have been already proven to be a crucial step in the standardization and dissemination of this therapeutic approach, and, consequently, specific guidance for their implementation has been released [81]. However, despite the efforts to ensure standardization and the continuous growth in the available therapeutic toolkit, current protocols differ in several aspects, including route of delivery, timing and number of infusions, quantity and quality (fresh or frozen material) of infusion. To date, there is still no clear evidence supporting the superiority of one protocol over another one for the treatment of rCDI [74–87].
Comprehensive meta-analysis of anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Lina Zhang, Xuxing Shen, Wenjun Yu, Jing Li, Jue Zhang, Run Zhang, Jianyong Li, Lijuan Chen
Subsequently, the number of studies on anti-BCMA CAR T therapy is rapidly growing. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled ORR was 85.2%, with the pooled CRR 47.0%. The pooled rate of MRD negativity even reached up to 97.8%. Notably, CAR T showed a better effective rate in R/R MM than some other treatment regimens including daratumumab/bortezomib/dexamethasone (ORR was 82.9%) [40], ixazomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone (ORR was 78%) [41] and carfilzomib/dexamethasone (ORR was 77%) [42]. The heterogeneity of ORR and CRR among studies might be related to the difference of CAR T cells and enrolled patients. Therefore, heterogeneity was improved by doing subgroup analysis. Further, survival analysis results showed that the median PFS of CAR T therapy was 14.0 months and median OS was 24 months. All above data implied that anti-BCMA CAR T therapy is an effective and durable treatment that is able to provide deep remission for patients with R/R MM. Its benefits are apparent for only one infusion would improve patients’ disease-related quality of life over such a long time period.
HI-6-loaded PEGylated liposomes: an on-site first-aid strategy for acute organophosphorus agent poisoning
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Liao Shen, Yadan Zhang, Qimei Cai, Jun Yang, Yongan Wang, Dongqin Quan
The current treatment strategy is to relieve acute symptoms by administration of a muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antagonist and an anticonvulsant drug, as well as oxime antidotes to restore AChE function (Hulse et al., 2019). Oxime AChE reactivators have been widely studied and proven to be effective in reactivating phosphorylated AChE (Kuca et al., 2010; Acharya et al., 2011; Gupta & Ghosh, 2013; Kovarik et al., 2013). Among these antidotes, HI-6 is one of the most promising reactivators against OP poisoning. HI-6 has good effects on reactivating AChE that inhibited by many nerve agents, in terms of soman, sarin and cyclosarin (Koplovitz & Stewart, 1994; Cassel & Fosbraey, 1996; Lundy et al., 2005; Myhrer et al., 2018; Reymond et al., 2018). Although HI-6 exerts a powerful effect in in vitro experiments, the treatment effect of HI-6 is still unsatisfactory due to its very fast clearance rate in plasma (Ligtenstein & Kossen, 1983; Myhrer et al., 2018). Furthermore, poor stability in plasma inevitably leads to low-level drug distribution in the CNS, leaving serious brain damage unsettled (Myhrer et al., 2018). Intravenous infusion is an effective way to achieve stable drug concentration in blood, but this method requires the support of professional medical personnel and medical equipment which are not easy to approach during wars or other emergency situations.
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