The Development of Beta Receptor Agonist Drugs
Richard Beasley, Neil E. Pearce in The Role of Beta Receptor Agonist Therapy in Asthma Mortality, 2020
All the clinically used beta2-selective agonists were available for inhalation as well as for oral use. The inhaled route allowed a small, but effective, dose of drug to be delivered directly to the airways and this produced a fairly prompt bronchodilator response. In addition, inhalation provided an indirect means of reducing the side effects of the drugs. Because the dose of drug was small, the amount of drug absorbed from the lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract (because up to 90% of an inhaled dose is swallowed) resulted in a negligible circulating plasma concentration. Hence, less drug was available to cause extrapulmonary side effects, such as cardiac stimulation and fine muscle tremor. The original inhalation devices for beta2-selective agonists were pressurized metered dose inhalers, which use chlorofluorocarbon pro-pellants. A variety of spacers were introduced to assist patients with any coordination difficulties in the use of these devices. Recently, beta2 agonists have been provided in dry powder inhaler devices, the most recent of which is multidose and dispenses terbutaline.90
Pulmonary fibrosis
Anthony J. Hickey, Heidi M. Mansour in Inhalation Aerosols, 2019
A preliminary study showed a formulation development of dry powder inhaler of tilorone using Easyhaler® and Twister™ dry powder inhaler devices. This study found an emitted dose of 2.95–4.77 mg of tilorone and fine particle fraction (≤ 5 µm) of 22%–30% was achievable. This result was comparable to similarly aerosolized formulations of pirfenidone and nintedanib (30). The potential effect of tilorone in restoring impaired bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the lungs was studied in a silica-induced fibrosis mice model (31). This compound must be further studied in vitro and in vivo to elucidate its mechanistic approach in PF.
In Vitro Testing of Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Predicting Lung Deposition from In Vitro Measurements
Hans Bisgaard, Chris O’Callaghan, Gerald C. Smaldone in Drug Delivery to the Lung, 2001
Dry-powder aerosol delivery offers yet another set of challenges from an in vitro/in vivo correlation perspective. There are two main types of dry-powder inhaler; those that are “passive” and rely on the patient's inspiratory effort to generate the aerosol and those that are “active” and use some form of internal power source. Examples of the former would be the Turbuhaler, Accuhaler/Diskus, and the like. Examples of the latter are the Dura Spiros and the Inhale pulmonary delivery system. Characterizing the aerosol clouds generated by these devices in a manner useful for deposition predictions can require different experimental approaches.
Application of spray freeze drying to theophylline-oxalic acid cocrystal engineering for inhaled dry powder technology
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Ryoma Tanaka, Yusuke Hattori, Makoto Otsuka, Kazuhide Ashizawa
Drug delivery to the lungs has numerous advantages over oral administration or injection, such as the quick absorption of drugs and local/systemic effects, due to the large absorption area of the lung alveoli [1,2]. The inhalation administration of various medicines, such as β2 agonists, steroids, insulin, and antitumor agents, has been extensively studied in the pharmaceutical field [3–5]. In this noninvasive system of administration, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are inhaled as fine powder or droplets [6]. While many different pharmaceutical formulations have been applied for such inhalation, the use of dry powder delivered by a dry powder inhaler (DPI) has attracted particular attention because it is noninvasive, portable, and easy to use [7]. The APIs can be aerosolized as dry powder by the self-intake air force and must be designed with an optimal aerodynamic particle size of 1–5 µm [7,8]. The ideal particulate preparation and design in the inhalation device are desired for efficient delivery to the lungs.
Infection prevention and control in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review of interventions
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Nicola J Rowbotham, Sally C Palser, Sherie J Smith, Alan R Smyth
Jakobsson et al. [29] looked at bacterial contamination rates in home nebulizers of CF patients. They found that although contamination rates were generally low, those that were contaminated were those that had inadequately followed disinfection recommendations or drying. In this study, none of the patients were colonized with the contaminating organisms suggesting environmental acquisition rather than the device being infected from the patient. Fishman et al. [84] looked into how often nebulizer mask and tubing should be changed. On comparing two groups consisting of children and young adults, they found that changing equipment every 12 months led to similar clinical outcomes as changing every 6 months with no difference in PA growth after 2 years. Greenwood et al. [85] studied contamination of a dry-powder inhaler vs. a nebulizer and suggested that the dry powder device has a lower contamination rate. One patient in the Greenwood study had the same organism (S.aureus) isolated from both sputum and the device, however the other 11 patients with contaminated devices did not have the same organism isolated from their sputum. This study was sponsored by the pharmaceutical company which marketed the dry powder device.
Choice of nanocarrier for pulmonary delivery of cancer therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
With reference to inhalation, dry powder inhalers and nebulizers are devices commonly being exploited for pulmonary delivery of therapeutical nanocarrier to deeper lung regions. Nebulizers generate liquid aerosols by breaking down the liquid dosage form into fine tiny droplets for inhalation by either compressed air or ultrasonic power. Dry powder inhaler mediates inhalation with the airflow created by the user directing through a drug powder thus generating inhalable dry powder aerosol. The late evaluation of inhalation profiles of liquid and solid nanotherapeutics from nebulizer and dry powder inhaler, respectively, shows that the percentages of therapeutic inhaled are generally lower with dry powder inhalation than liquid nebulization by more than two folds [6,7].
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