Non-Photocatalytic and Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses Using Antiviral Assays and Antiviral Nanomaterials
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
ZnO owns a wide bandgap of 3.3 eV in the UV range and holds exceptional chemical sensing, optical, electrical conductivity, piezoelectric, and semiconducting properties (Sirelkhatim et al. 2015). Commonly, ZnO NPs are added in paints, coatings, and sunscreens to absorb UV light, and they play a significant part in several industries, for instance, food, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. ZnO NPs are incorporated as antimicrobials into surface coatings, textiles, cellulose fibers, and cosmetics to prevent microbial growth (Dimapilis et al. 2018). ZnO NPs are considered as a suitable antibacterial agent since they are stable in severe processing circumstances and are recognised as harmless materials for animals and humans. Moreover, ZnO NPs are employed as an effective drug-delivery system. Along with its exceptional antifungal and antibacterial features, ZnO NPs own higher photochemical and catalytic activities. Also, ZnO NPs display vital microbial action versus numerous kinds of microorganisms involving viruses. ZnO NPs based drugs for the suppression of H1N1 influenza viral contagion were examined, and it was observed that PEGylated-based ZnO NPs might be an innovative, efficient, and auspicious antiviral candidate (Ghaffari et al. 2019).
Quantum Dots as Biointeractive and Non-Agglomerated Nanoscale Fillers for Dental Resins
Mary Anne S. Melo in Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
ZnO is a very versatile semiconductor with applications not only in engineering, such as diodes and electroluminescent devices but also in biosensors, bioelectrodes, and in daily life in the form of cosmetics and drugs (Mirzaei and Darroudi 2017). Moreover, ZnO shows biocompatibility (Mutoh and Tani-Ishii 2011), bioactivity via the precipitation and maturation of calcium phosphates on its surface (Osorio, Cabello et al. 2014), antimicrobial activity (Mahshid Saffarpour 2016; Tavassoli Hojati et al. 2013; Dananjaya et al. 2018), and ability to affect metalloproteinases (Osorio, Osorio et al. 2014) negatively. Noteworthily, the smaller the ZnO particles, the higher the antibacterial activity provided by this oxide due to the enlargement of the total surface area available to interact with the microorganisms (Raghupathi et al. 2011). This effect can be clearly observed in Figure 10.6, in which the graph shows the percentage of viable bacteria after the exposition of ZnO at different sizes.
Nanoparticles in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Intestinal mucus, as introduced above, is a complex, natural network of highly branched glycoproteins, lipids, cellular, and serum macromolecules, and is the first barrier through which ingested nanoparticles must pass [74]. Surface charge can play a crucial role [75]. Net neutral or positive surface charge prevents mucoadhesion, favoring penetration, whereas passage of negatively charged hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds is hindered. Small nanoparticles also penetrate more easily than large ones [75]. Mucin interaction with adhesive nanoparticles and larger particulates can disrupt the “bottle-brush” architecture of mucus, possibly enabling penetration upon subsequent exposures [76,77]. This is dependent upon particle type. Jachak et al. [78] found that metal oxide NPs and two types of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were trapped in human mucus by adhesive interactions, not steric obstruction. In contrast, ZnO nanoparticles rapidly penetrated airway mucus layers, which may account for ZnO’s general toxicity.
Glioblastoma U-87MG tumour cells suppressed by ZnO folic acid-conjugated nanoparticles: an in vitro study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Zahra Hamod Marfavi, Mona Farhadi, Seyed Behnamedin Jameie, Masoomeh Zahmatkeshan, Vahid Pirhajati, Manasadat Jameie
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a metal oxide with a significantly small size less than many other organic materials. This material is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products [9]. In addition, ZnO has the photocatalytic ability and photo-oxidizing capacity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells [10–13]. By using multifunctional nanoplatforms, ZnO bombards malignant cells from the outside through the external release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [14]. Therapeutic benefits of the conjugated form of ZnO have been recently of potential medical interest [15]. Folic acid is a member of vitamin B family and plays an important role in health and disease. Among the known conjugation agents, folic acid has attracted more attention since it is essential for metabolism and biosynthesis of cellular pathways (e.g. purine and methionine) as a part of the enzymatic co-system for DNA and amino acids [16]. Moreover, folic acid has a high affinity for cancer cell receptors as a ligand and is very effective in intracellular activity [17,18]. This compound is able to control the size of nanoparticles using its surface density. In addition, it can easily bind to folate receptors [15]. Due to the existence of folate receptors in cancer cells, folic acid is specifically used to detect cancerous cells [19]. Accordingly, it seems that the conjugated form of ZnO might have more therapeutic effects on certain cancers. In order to examine this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to assess the effects of folic acid-ZnO NPs on GBM cell lines.
Defect-induced electronic states amplify the cellular toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Indushekhar Persaud, Achyut J. Raghavendra, Archini Paruthi, Nasser B. Alsaleh, Valerie C. Minarchick, James R. Roede, Ramakrishna Podila, Jared M. Brown
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in all aspects of society, but have also been recognized as a potential health risk. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs are commonly used in sunscreens, ceramics, plastics, glass, cement paints, adhesives, cosmetics, paints, semiconductors, rubber production, and medical applications among others (Roth, Webb, and Williams, 1982; Klingshirn 2007; Hong et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2013). Specifically, ZnO NPs have been widely used due to their ability to protect against ultraviolet (UV) radiation, their wide band gap, and their ability to enhance the activity of antimicrobial compounds. The electrical applications take advantage of the wide band gap of ZnO NPs (3.37 eV) for the customization of varistors and semiconductors (Djurisic et al. 2007). Some current and developing medical applications of ZnO include bioimaging, drug delivery, gene delivery, and biosensors (glucose, phenol, H2O2, cholesterol, urea) (Zhang et al. 2013; Raghavendra et al. 2018). Consumer applications of ZnO NPs include sunscreens due to their ability to block ultraviolet A and B bands (Smijs and Pavel 2011). Due to the favorable properties and widespread use of ZnO NPs, human exposure during production, consumer use and medical applications are all areas of concern. Lastly, ZnO NP toxicity has been established both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms involved in toxicity and the contributions of their physicochemical properties have not been definitively determined (Sharma et al. 2012; Vandebriel and De Jong 2012; Hong et al. 2013; Yu et al. 2013).
Effect of size and shape on toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
D. Shalini, S. Senthilkumar, P. Rajaguru
Due to their unique physical, chemical and biological properties, nano-sized metal oxide particles have gained a lot of attention nowadays (Cui et al. 2001). Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has received much attention because of its promising semiconducting, electrical, optical, catalytic, magnetic, antimicrobial and ultraviolet light absorption properties (Fan and Lu 2005; Kumari and Li 2010; Su et al. 2010) and their ability to form diverse structures at low production cost (Xiong et al. 2013). ZnO is generally a low toxic material, as zinc is an essential trace element for human and commonly present in foods or added as a nutritional supplement (Wang et al. 2008). Nanosizing of ZnO increases its chemical reactivity, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, transparency and UV filtering efficiency which is favorable for commercial applications.
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