Systemic Diseases and the Skin
Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang in Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Management: Oral lifelong zinc supplementation given daily, which leads to dramatic disappearance of the symptoms within a few days. The recommendation is of one dose between 1–3 mg/kg/day of elemental zinc. Zinc sulfate is preferred and most tolerated oral formulation—4 mg of zinc sulfate contains about 1 mg of elemental zinc. Zinc chloride is preferred for parenteral supplementation.
Metallic poisons *
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Zinc fumes are produced in welding, metal cutting, and smelting zinc alloys or galvanized iron. Zinc fumes are most often responsible for metal fume fever, but other metal fumes, including magnesium oxide fumes, will also cause the disease. Soluble zinc salts such as zinc chloride are used in smoke generators.
The Chemical Environment
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson in Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Dawson et al.82 have examined the effect of trace metals, cadmium, lead, and zinc on succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase of mitochondria isolated from human placentae at term. Lead and cadmium were chosen on the basis of an early report of the relationship of toxemia to lead availability in different parts of Britain83 and the animal experiments of the effects of cadmium on the placenta by Parizek.84 Dawson et al. examined placentae from both normal and toxemic women and found a marked difference in the response of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity to the addition of trace metals. There was no statistically significant difference between the succinic dehydrogenase activity of the normal and toxemic placentae; but with the addition of serial levels of lead ion in the form of lead chloride (0 to 173.0 μ mol), there was complete inhibition at every added level in the mitochondria enzyme activity from the toxemic placentas, but only a modest, progressive decrease in the activity of normal placental mitochondria. In contrast, for cytochrome oxidase activity of mitochondria, addition of lead ion increased the activity in normal placental mitochondria, though complete inhibition occurred in the mitochondria from toxemic placentas. Cadmium, added as cadmium chloride, appeared to show far less effect with a progressive increase in succinic dehydrogenase activity in both normal and toxemic mitochondria. For cytochrome oxidase activity there was also far less inhibitory effect than was seen for lead on mitochondria from both normal women. Zinc, added as zinc chloride, was somewhat similar to lead, inhibiting succinic dehydrogenase activity at all levels added, in both normal and toxemic mitochondria and inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity completely in both normal and toxemic mitochondria (Table 4). The trace amounts of metal ions used in these experiments may not be indicative of the mode of action at higher levels of contamination. However, the differential effect of lead on the enzyme activity of mitochondria from normal and toxemic placentas is of interest.
A revisit to the effects of zinc salt on skin burn wound healing to reflect the risks in current pharmaceutical care
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Mohammad Ammar Hakim Osman, Tin Wui Wong, Nor Khaizan Anuar
Zinc has been shown to promote wound healing and is required for several dermatological conditions such as acnes (1,2). The zinc salts have also been reported to demonstrate skin irritation possibly related to oxidative stress action (3–6). These zinc salts examined typically include zinc chloride, sulfate, and oxide (4–8), which are characterized by varying aqueous solubilities (zinc chloride: 432 g/100 g water; zinc sulfate: 57.7 g/100 g water; zinc oxide: water-insoluble). The water-insoluble zinc oxide is known to accelerate wound healing even though at a high concentration, unlike water-soluble salts where several milligrams induce skin irritation. Thus far, there is no known report on lower limit of soluble zinc content that can be applied on a wounded skin as a healing promoter. This study examines skin wound healing process of rats inflicted by partial thickness thermal burn wound as a function of applied soluble zinc contents.
One-step ZnCl2/FeCl3 composites preparation of magnetic activated carbon for effective adsorption of rhodamine B dye
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Lin Zhi Lee, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
A facile preparation method involving simultaneous activation and magnetization using iron salt in a single step has been proposed. However, ferric chloride (FeCl3) is a weak activating agent and yields activated carbon with only a 22.3 mg/g dye removal (Cazetta et al.2016). Zhang et al. (2015) reported the preparation of MAC by combining magnetite (Fe3O4) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as composite activating agent. Yet, there is still lack of information describing the improvement of MAC characteristics and adsorption performance in much of published literature. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a strong activator and has been widely used for research in the preparation of AC, while FeCl3, despite being a weak activator, exhibits similar characteristics as ZnCl2 in aqueous solution. This opens the possibility of using these chloride salts as composite activating agent for MAC preparation (Rufford et al.2010). In a related work, Lee and Zaini (2017) showed a comparable texture of AC (411 m2/g) produced from castor residue by ZnCl2/FeCl3 composite with that by ZnCl2 alone (395 m2/g). Nonetheless, dedicated work to evaluate the magnetic characteristics of MAC by ZnCl2/FeCl3 composite single-step preparation is still absent in literature.
Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles - Are the size and shape only matters? or the media parameters too?: a study on band engineered ZnS nanoparticles and calculations based on equivolume stress model
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Manikanta Bayal, Prajit Janardhanan, Emmanuel Tom, Neeli Chandran, S. Devadathan, D. Ranjeet, Unnikrishnan Unniyampurath, Rajendra Pilankatta, Swapna S. Nair
ZnS NPs of three different sizes were synthesized by chemical techniques. 0.2 M of Na2S solution is prepared and added to 0.1 M of Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution. The prepared solution is titrated against Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution, which is added dropwise till the pH reaches the desired value. To ensure sterile nature of the samples for cytotoxicity studies, the samples were filtered through 0.2 micron filter and the filtered colloidal quantum dots are placed under the UV lamp for 30 min before starting the experiments. In order to avoid any ambiguity, the same batch of samples were employed for the structural, morphological and optical characterization. The synthesized ZnS NPs were calcined at 100° C and 400° C separately to obtain higher sizes.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Compound
- Chloride
- Color
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Raman Scattering
- Chemical Formula
- Zinc
- Process
- Zinc Chloride Hydroxide Monohydrate
- Neutron Scattering