Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Corn processing: Corn is one of the most widely consumed grains in the world. Corn can be processed and prepared using a wide range of methods, resulting in products with unique properties and final nutritional content. Corn has the highest content of carotenoids among cereal grains of which zeaxanthin is the main carotenoid. Other carotenoids include lutein, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin (Ortiz, Rocheford, & Ferruzzi, 2016). Most carotenoids in corn are contained in the endosperm (92%–100%) (Ortiz et al., 2016). In contrast, in most other grains, carotenoids are concentrated in the bran in addition to the endosperm (Trono, 2019). Other vitamins include thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin E. Most of the minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium potassium, and zinc are found in the endosperm (Suri & Tanumihardjo, 2016).
Nutraceuticals and Brain Disorders
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi in Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Lutein is one of the most significant carotenoids found in numerous leafy foods like mangoes, corn, sweet potatoes, carrots, squash, tomatoes, and so forth. Lutein dipalmitate is found in the plant Heleniumautumnale. Lutein, otherwise called helenien, is utilized for the treatment of visual issues. Zeaxanthin is utilized in customary Chinese medication principally for the treatment of visual issues. Nourishment wellsprings of zeaxanthin incorporate corn, egg yolk, green vegetables, and natural products, for example, broccoli, green beans, green peas, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, collard greens, spinach, lettuce, kiwi, and honeydew. Lutein and zeaxanthin are likewise found in weeds, green growth, and the petals of many yellow blossoms. In green vegetables, foods grown from the ground yolk, lutein, and zeaxanthin exist in nonesterified structures.
Lutein in Neural Health and Disease
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Carotenoid intake from foods, even when ingested in large amounts (e.g., >30 mg carotenoid) are not known to be toxic.34,35 The Institute of Medicine evaluated the safety of lutein and zeaxanthin and concluded that no adverse effects, other than carotenodermia, have been reported from the consumption of carotenoids in foods, including lutein and zeaxanthin. No tolerable upper intake levels for lutein or zeaxanthin have been established.36 Lutein was recently cited as a case study for the re-examination of establishing dietary upper intake levels for bioactive nutrients.37 Although not determined to meet the classical definition of an essential nutrient in 2000,36 there is accumulating evidence that a Dietary Reference Intake should be established for lutein because of its role in eye health.38–40
(3R, 3’R)-zeaxanthin protects the retina from photo-oxidative damage via modulating the inflammation and visual health molecular markers
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Kazim Sahin, Fatih Akdemir, Cemal Orhan, Mehmet Tuzcu, Hasan Gencoglu, Nurhan Sahin, Ibrahim H. Ozercan, Shakir Ali, Ismet Yilmaz, Vijaya Juturu
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid alcohol that gives corn, saffron, wolfberries, and microbes their characteristic color11. It is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina, and a dominant component within the central macula; whereas lutein is predominant in the peripheral retina12,13. Lutein and zeaxanthin are isomers, but not stereoisomers. Lutein has three chiral centres, whereas zeaxanthin has two. Nevertheless, it seems that zeaxanthin especially accrues in the retina, predominantly in the macular region14. (3 R, 3'R)-Zeaxanthin (OmniXan®, OMX) is the principal natural form of zeaxanthin. OMX works synergistically with other macular carotenoids to absorb a broader spectrum of high-energy blue light to protect against photo-induced oxidative stress12,15. Some carotenoid-binding proteins and particularly a specific zeaxanthin-binding protein was identified earlier which recruits circulating zeaxanthin and lutein for the uptake within the macula16. Lutein and/or zeaxanthin supplementation has been studied for their effect on human macular pigment density and colour vision17. In spite of the benefits of using the light-emitting diode (LED) devices in daily life, such as low-energy consumption and long lifetime, concerns have been raised because of the blue region of the light spectrum from white LEDs potentially produce retinal toxicity due to their intense emission17.
Factors determining the oral absorption and systemic disposition of zeaxanthin in rats: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo evaluations
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Seong‑Wook Seo, Dong‑Gyun Han, Eugene Choi, Min‑Jeong Seo, Im‑Sook Song, In‑Soo Yoon
Zeaxanthin (β,β‑carotene‑3,3′‑diol) is a yellow‑coloured tetraterpene pigment with a molecular weight of 568.8 Da (Murillo et al. 2019). Zeaxanthin, along with lutein and meso‑zeaxanthin, is highly concentrated in the macula of the retina that is mainly responsible for central and fine‑feature vision (Billsten et al. 2003; Eisenhauer et al. 2017). These three carotenoids (called macular pigments) are efficient absorbers of blue light, protecting against age‑related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disease that may lead to blurred or no vision in the centre of the visual field, owing to their blue light‑filtering and antioxidant activities (Kijlstra et al. 2012; Mares 2016). Dietary intake and plasma levels of these carotenoids have been associated with a lower risk of AMD (Hartmann et al. 2004). Additionally, zeaxanthin acts as a more potent antioxidant than lutein, protecting against oxidative stress in other tissues as well as the eyes (Murillo et al. 2019). Mammals are not able to synthesize zeaxanthin; thus, it must be obtained from dietary sources (Delgado‑Pelayo and Hornero‑Mendez 2012). Zeaxanthin is found in many plants, including green leafy and yellow‑orange vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, corn, orange, paprika, saffron, and wolfberries (goji) (Murillo et al. 2019). It can also be found in animal products, such as egg yolks and cheese (Murillo et al. 2019).
Exploring Factors Underlying Ethnic Difference in Age-related Macular Degeneration Prevalence
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020
Mark Jones, Clare Whitton, Ava G Tan, Elizabeth G Holliday, Christopher Oldmeadow, Victoria M Flood, Xueling Sim, Jin-Fang Chai, Haslina Hamzah, Ronald Klein, Yik-Ying Teo, Paul Mitchell, Tien Y Wong, E Shyong Tai, Rob M Van Dam, John Attia, Jie Jin Wang
There is a possibility that the AHEI does not capture dietary components that are strongly associated with risk of AMD. We were able to include 9 of the 11 items for AHEI score calculation and these items include vegetables, fruits and whole grains.37 Dietary intake of lutein-zeaxanthin has been consistently found associated with low risk of late AMD in population-based studies,17,18,49–51 or in subgroups of the population.24 It is a well-known fact that dietary lutein/zeaxanthin derives primarily from green vegetables, corn, fruits, wholegrain food and eggs.52,53 Better diet quality, assessed using different instruments including the AHEI, was shown to be associated with higher plasma levels of carotenes, lutein and cryptoxanthin,54 and the association between better diet quality and high plasma level of lutein was consistent across five ethnic groups living in Hawaii and California.54 Similar associations were observed in Hispanic elders living in the US.55 These data provide some reassurance that the AHEI indeed captures a main dietary antioxidant that is consistently associated with a reduced risk of late AMD.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carotenoid
- Eye
- Lutein
- Photopigment
- Retina
- Xanthophyll
- Paprika
- Maize
- Saffron
- Goji