Adenovirus
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Adenoviruses can remain infectious for long periods in the environment and on surfaces and display resistance to several common disinfectants. Comparative studies showed reduced sensitivity of HAdV8 to chemical biocides as quaternary ammonium compounds, isopropyl alcohol, and povidone-iodine,139 and variable effect on the different HAdV types of compounds as peracetic acid and formaldehyde, with virucidal effect requiring, in some cases, exposure times of 15 minutes or more.140 Prevention of adenovirus diffusion strongly relies on good hygiene practices applicable for the prevention of most viral infections. Isolation and avoidance of work or school when ill can reduce the risk of adenovirus spread. Proper handwashing can prevent the spread of HAdV-F types and the infection through eye, nose, and mouth touching of the other HAdV types. Health-care providers should strictly follow infection control practices, including contact and droplet precautions,141 to prevent health care–associated outbreaks of adenovirus infections. Sterilization of instruments and solutions used in the eye can prevent the spread of EKC.142
Other reversible methods *
John Guillebaud in Contraception Today, 2019
Nonoxinol-9 causes irritation or allergic reactions, which are much less frequent with the lactic acid-based products above. More seriously, when used by Nairobi prostitutes four times a day for 14 days, nonoxinol-9 released from pessaries caused erythema and colposcopic evidence of minor damage to the vaginal skin. It clearly should not be promoted as an anti-HIV virucide (see the systematic review by Wilkinson D et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:613–617). However, pending better alternatives, it remains good practice to continue to recommend nonoxinol-9 for normal contraceptive use (less frequently than four times a day!), but not with condoms.
Other reversible methods *
John Guillebaud in Contraception Today, 2016
Coupled with the doubts about its effectiveness against intracellular virus, it clearly should not be promoted as an anti-HIV virucide (see the systematic review by Wilkinson D, et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:613–617). However, pending better alternatives, for the time being it remains good practice to continue to recommend nonoxinol-9 for normal contraceptive use (less frequently than four times a day!), but not with condoms.
Povidone iodine for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Rebecca MT Dang, Kathleen Watt, Alex Hui
While results from in-vitro studies are variable, they suggest that PVP-I is effective against HAdv. Suspension studies which define virucidal activity as a reduction in the number of viruses in solution (viral titre) by more than 3 Log10 units (99.9%) have found that efficacy relies on exposure time, serotype, and concentration.29 Longer exposure times result in generally sustained or better efficacy of 0.4%, 2.0%, and 5% PVP-I against HAdv 3, 8, 19 and 37 (the most common serotypes in EKC and PCF).3 These results have also been replicated in other studies.30–32 HAdv 19 and 37 are more resistant to disinfection requiring longer exposure times (15 minutes for 0.4% and 2%, 60 minutes for 5%) compared to Hadv 3 and 8 (five minutes for all concentrations).
Aerosols modification with H2O2 reduces airborne contamination by dental handpieces
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Andrei Cristian Ionescu, Eugenio Brambilla, Lamberto Manzoli, Giovanna Orsini, Valentina Gentili, Roberta Rizzo
Several disinfectants have been proven effective against Coronaviruses. According to Kampf, high-concentration alcohols, aldehydes, povidone-iodine, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were all able to reduce coronavirus infectivity [25,26]. Of note, hydrogen peroxide was shown to exhibit virucidal activity, starting from a low concentration (0.5 vol%) and 60 s contact time. Due to its extensive use in applications, such as in the food industry, where its decomposition into non-toxic by-products is essential [35], H2O2 was the ideal candidate to be tested for the modification of the dental handpiece cooling spray. All other disinfectants were excluded due to toxicity concerns, fire or explosive hazard, or corrosion issues regarding dental handpieces and waterlines. Also, it must be noted that the majority of modern dental units are provided with an internal sanitization circuit that is conceived to be used with H2O2 starting from 0.5 vol%, at the end of the working day, for biofilm removal [29].
Hydrogen peroxide vapour treatment inactivates norovirus but has limited effect on post-treatment viral RNA levels
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Torsten Holmdahl, Inga Odenholt, Kristian Riesbeck, Patrik Medstrand, Anders Widell
A recently introduced decontamination approach is that, after removal of visible dirt, the surfaces are decontaminated with airborne hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), enabling all exposed surfaces to be reached. Such ‘no touch decontamination’ H2O2 systems use either aerosol or vapour. An advantage is that although H2O2 reaches highly toxic levels during the peak of treatment, it is environmental-friendly afterwards, since it is degraded into water and oxygen, leaving no toxic deposit. Hydrogen peroxide has a well-documented effect not only against common bacterial pathogens but also against nosocomial important bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [19], vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, Acinetobacter baumannii and on Clostridium difficile including bacterial endospores [20,21]. Likewise, hydrogen peroxide vapour has also a virucidal activity against many enteric and respiratory, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses that are associated with human and animal disease. Examples are poliovirus, rotavirus, influenza A virus, adenovirus, feline calicivirus and murine norovirus [12,22–24].
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